G., Villani, P., Vuillermoz, E., and Cristofanelli, P.: Atmospheric Brown Thompson was locked in a fierce battle with American J.J. Wolf on Court 3 when play was halted. Thompson, G., Field, P.R., Rasmussen, R.M., and Hall, W.D.: Explicit A sensor entity will be created for each supported condition. Makalu and Kanchanjunga have rather flat valley floors from the valley entrance into the valley, with less than a 1 inclination (brown shading in Fig.3c and d). The key itself may take a couple of hours before it is activated. (b) Topography of the d04 domain. The mean of the two ridge heights is shown by the black dashed lines. The length scale of the valleys in the along-valley direction is fairly similar. Saha, S., Moorthi, S., Pan, H.-L., Wu, X., Wang, J., Nadiga, S., Tripp, P., The following weather data is available: - Current weather data - Hourly forecasts up to 48 hours - Daily forecasts up to 7 days Different values are provided for each variant, such as temperature, air pressure . A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R.J., Hlm, E., Janiskov, M., The World is Not Flat: Implications for the Global Carbon Balance, Bull. Impact of summer monsoon on the elevation-dependence of meteorological Theyre coming here earlier, were now seeing players here for six weeks, for seven weeks and the preparation for the Australian summer is very normalised. Here are two methods that can help transform the JSON wind data returned by Openweathermap API into units that users will find easier to understand. Figures10 and 11 show that the diurnal cycle of potential temperature reaches higher up in the valley atmosphere compared with over the plain. Steep inclination in the valley floor (25) is associated with weaker and shallower up-valley winds compared with locations with a nearly flat valley floor (<1 inclination). 2. A total of 4 consecutive days with clear skies were selected for the study period to simulate the thermally driven along-valley winds in this region. forecast.windSpeed.mps Wind speed, meters per second; forecast.windSpeed.unit Unit of measurements; forecast.windSpeed.name Type of the wind; forecast.windGust. Simply enter a return to add a new line and the \n will be added to the saved settings file. We've got answers. The along- and cross-valley wind characteristics in each of the four valleys are described in Sect.4. The large-scale flow above the valleys changed from north-westerlies (18December) to westerlies (1921December) as is seen in Fig.4, where the red rectangles denote the location of the inner domain d04. The west and east walls are found by moving in a direction perpendicular to the valley centre line. G.P., Maione, M., Panday, A., Roccato, F., Sellegri, K., Venzac, H., Verza, opened by JueBag Now lets see it with an example, so write the following code . Soc., 95, 10211028, The scale measures multiple environmental factors: air temperature, radiant heat, humidity and wind speed, based on readings taken at five different locations around the tournament. Wang, W., Long, C., Chelliah, M., Xue, Y., Huang, B., Schemm, J.-K., Temperature, humidity and wind speed can be obtained as well as snow volume and wind gust. Weather Rev., 136, We are glad to invite you to join our network of private weather stations. Climatol., 38, 17481759, Many thanks to Cristina Facchini and Rolf Sander and welcome to Barbara Ervens as executive editor of ACP, First ACP Letter: The value of remote marine aerosol measurements for constraining radiative forcing uncertainty, Atmospheric evolution of emissions from a boreal forest fire: the formation of highly functionalized oxygen-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-containing organic compounds, Observing the timescales of aerosolcloud interactions in snapshot satellite images, New ACP Letter: How alkaline compounds control atmospheric aerosol particle acidity, Changes in biomass burning, wetland extent, or agriculture drive atmospheric NH3 trends in select African regions, Two of ACP's founding executive editors step down, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-821-2023-supplement, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-00661-5, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.10.384, https://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.38.Special_66, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<0927:TSMECM>2.0.CO;2, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0170:TKCPAU>2.0.CO;2, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00109.1, https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2015.1020417, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-019-00438-3, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195132717.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1993)032<1669:TRBOSS>2.0.CO;2, Overview of the topographic characteristics of the four valleys. The contact author has declared that none of the authors has any competing interests. These locations are shown by crosses in Figs.2b and 3, and the colours refer to the along-valley wind time series in Fig.6. Subscribe to the new subscription plan "One Call by Call" and get all weather data for any coordinates with a single API call. These macros contained within the weather string will be replaced with the appropiate data. Terrain, Energy Proced., 59, 323329. An interactive open-access journal of the European Geosciences Union, Author(s) 2023. Id prefer to get in km/h but I cannot find any way of doing that. The amplitude of the diurnal cycle is slightly larger in the middle of the valley than at either the valley entrance or the valley top. As the valleys are not exactly northsouth orientated at every point in the along-valley direction, the meridional and zonal winds in the model output can not be considered to be the along- and cross-valley wind components directly. Follow the instruction on screen to complete the set up. The lines for width and depth correspond to the values on the right yaxis. The wind speed and direction above the valleys, particularly at ridge height, can influence the winds within the valleys (Whiteman and Doran,1993; Solanki etal.,2019; Lai etal.,2021). The surface-based warming extends to depths of less than 1000m in the Gaurishankar and Khumbu valleys and to depths of less than 1500m in the Makalu and Kanchanjunga valleys. When you subscribe to our service, you can join us to help with donation of just of 20. 3. I hope you found it helpful so share this with others. Atmospheric pressure at sea level for the forecasts time period, hPa. That meansJSON returns the data from cities within the defined rectangle specified by the geographic coordinates. The first aim of this article is to identify the characteristics (wind speed, depth of the flow and diurnal cycle) of the local valley wind system in four major valleys in the Hindu KushKarakoramHimalayan (HKKH) region during this 4d period in December 2014. This work is distributed under, Daytime along-valley winds in the Himalayas as simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Figure11 shows the deviation of potential temperature at each along-valley grid point (yaxis) on three model levels from the 2d average of potential temperature during the2021December period. The temperatures are both observed and modelled at 2m height above the surface, but the model temperatures are adjusted to correspond to the altitude of the observation site based on the dry adiabatic lapse rate. G.P., Maione, M., Panday, A., Roccato, F., Sellegri, K., Venzac, H., Verza, The outer domain covers an area of 36182997km and was run with a horizontal grid spacing of 27km. Lets do it practically in python. In the case of the two westernmost valleys the Gaurishankar and Khumbu valleys the valley centre lines were extended due south over the perpendicular barrier from the valley entrance instead of continuing with the algorithm until the plain is reached. The up-slope winds start to develop right after sunrise at around 07:00LT (sun rise 06:50LT), peak in magnitude around noon and cease around 15:00LT. The up-valley wind layer is deepest in the portion of the Makalu (grid points 120160) and Kanchanjunga (grid points 70120) valleys with a flat valley floor, where the flow depth reach up to 1500m, and shallowest at the top of the Gaurishankar (grid points 2040) and Khumbu (grid points 3050) valleys, where the flow depth is less than 600m. kkeene44: Finalize WRFV4.4.2 by merging release-v4.4.2 branch onto master, Github [data set]. Positive values indicate higher potential temperatures at 15:00LT than at 09:00LT. Your Shopping Cart will be saved and you'll be given a link. Chem. (range of thunderstorm, drizzle, rain, snow, clouds, atmosphere including extreme conditions like tornado, hurricane etc.). 850614).Open-access funding was provided by the Helsinki University Library. Kain, J.S.: The Kain-Fritsch Convective Parameterization: An Update, J. However, the use of these identified ridgelines allows us to approximately estimate the average depth of the valley atmosphere in these valleys. I am trying to extract country weather data from the openweather api and add it to a data frame to be able to create a csv file, but I am running into some problems. Phys., 23, 821842, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-821-2023, 2023. For each point on the globe, OpenWeather provides historical, current and forecasted weather data via light-speed APIs. Unlike in the other three valleys, the valley floor in the Kanchanjunga Valley only starts to incline strongly close to the top of the valley, and the near-surface warming reaches further into the Kanchanjunga Valley compared with the other three valleys. variables in the south of central Himalaya, Int. The period of this case study was selected to coincide with the measurement campaign by Bianchi etal. on 2017-05-13 Interactive maps show precipitation, clouds, pressure, wind around your location. I learned something new from your blog. Viewed 336 times. (2010). Here, the cross-valley wind is perpendicular to the along-valley wind, but it is calculated at the slopes 5 to 10 grid points away from the valley centre line. 15 map layers include the most useful data, such as precipitation, clouds, pressure, temperature, wind, and many more. Since then, it has been tweaked to allow for factors beyond just the air temperature - such as humidity, wind speed and radiant heat which can cause courtside spaces to become much hotter than the air outside the tennis complex. Clouds in the Himalayas: first two years of continuous observations at the The simulation was kept on track by nudging the temperature, horizontal wind components and specific humidity in the outer domain (d01) towards the reanalysis every 6h. Lett., 22, e1018. You signed in with another tab or window. The subtropical jet is located around 25N during 1821December2014, which is south-east of the study area. Question 2: The supplement related to this article is available online at:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-821-2023-supplement. Current, forecasted and historical Temperature, Pressure, Wind speed, Clouds, and others (15 layers in total) OpenWeather mobile app. Meteorol., When I started learning about Python; I though I should create a blog to share my Python Knowledge, and hence I've created. In Makalu Valley, the valley floor elevation increases from 500 to 4000ma.s.l. It finishes with Davis Cup late on the mens side and not as late on the womens side but I do think its a long season. This paper was edited by Peter Haynes and reviewed by two anonymous referees. The horizontal grid spacing decreases to 9km (d02), 3km (d03) and finally to 1km in the innermost domain, which covers an area of 288300km. 2012 2022 OpenWeather All rights reserved, 8,000+ OpenWeatherMap weather API repositories on GitHub, Google Weather-Based Campaign Management with OpenWeatherMap API, Connect your weather station to OpenWeatherMap, Get weather data for free for open source project, Vegetation indicies statistics by each recognised field, Climate data for regions and particular field, Vegetation indices and Historical NDVI chart, Current, Forecast and Historical weather data. However, the local valley wind systems in the other major valleys located nearby have not yet been well studied. Res.-Atmos., 123, 1318613202, 2010.a, Shea, J., Wagnon, P., Immerzeel, W., Biron, R., Brun, F., and Pellicciotti, F.: Local along-valley winds in four major valleys on the southern slope of the Nepal Himalayas are studied by means of high-resolution meteorological modelling. The up-slope winds occur most often in the middle parts of the valleys, seen as red and purple time series in Fig.7. Sensitivity of Simulated Wind Speed to Spatial Resolution over Complex Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, Tip: These strings can contain anything you want, not just weather information. The valley atmospheres warm 46K between 09:00 and 15:00LT on20December. The along-valley wind component in Fig.6 is the average of five grid points along the valley centre line around the crosses to describe the wind in a larger part of the valley, instead of only at one grid point. In Kanchanjunga Valley (Fig.8d), the isentropes already tilt towards the surface throughout the valley in the morning in a layer that is about 300m deep, meaning that the valley atmosphere is warmer than the air above the plain. All of the domains are run with 61 vertical levels. They combined insitu aerosol observations and numerical model simulations with the high-resolution WRF model and the Lagrangian flexible particle dispersion mode (FLEXPART). The wind in St John's, NL (random windy city) right now is 7.7 m/s according to OWM's website. Snow Ebisuzaki, W., Lin, R., Xie, P., Chen, M., Zhou, S., Higgins, W., Zou, C.-Z., Sci., 70, 40414066. We show that, regarding the daytime up-valley winds, the Khumbu Valley is not an exception compared to the other major valleys in this region. You'll then display the wind speed on a web page based on some conditional logic about the wind speed's value. Atmos. Coloured crosses denote locations along the valley centre lines that are referred to in the text and other figures. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0170:TKCPAU>2.0.CO;2, 2004.a, Karki, R., ulHasson, S., Gerlitz, L., Schickhoff, U., Scholten, T., and Bhner, J.: Quantifying the added value of convection-permitting climate simulations in complex terrain: a systematic evaluation of WRF over the Himalayas, Earth Syst. 31, 174200, https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2015.1020417, 2015.a, b, Singh, J., Singh, N., Ojha, N., Sharma, A., Pozzer, A., KiranKumar, N., Positive values for the along-valley wind refer to up-valley winds. 7.7 * 3.6 = 27.7. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010BAMS3001.1, 2010.a, Schmidli, J.: Daytime Heat Transfer Processes over Mountainous Terrain, J. Atmos. In the lower parts of the valleys (from the yellow crosses to purple crosses), the up-valley winds flow in a deeper layer compared with the upper parts (from red crosses to blue crosses). When the temperature in the valley atmosphere rises more compared with the air above the plain during daytime, using the hydrostatic law and ideal gas law combined, one obtains the qualitative result that pressure at the same height must be lower in the valley than over the plain. Some of the chosen grid points for cross-valley analysis may be located outside the valley atmosphere and, thus, may show strong near-surface winds due to the impact of large-scale winds. The daytime up-valley winds in the two westernmost valleys, Gaurishankar and Khumbu, are shallower and weaker than in the two valleys in the east, Makalu and Kanchanjunga. The 40-year average and the daily averages of the large-scale flow during the study period are shown in Fig.1. A clear diurnal cycle of the up-slope cross-valley winds is only found in some parts of some valleys. geographic coordinates, zip/post code, city name, city ID, number of cities (only in current weather and forecast APIs). A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, Now in this section, we will see how to access weather data. Check weather updates with our OpenWeather feature that provides graphic overlays on the map for clouds, precipitation, sea level pressure, temperature, and wind speed. The along-valley wind component at the valley grid point i, AVWi, is then calculated using Eq.(4): The cross-valley wind component is calculated using the same approach. See current weather conditions across the United States and provide a more accurate delivery date based on weather conditions. Chem. in the valley atmosphere) would correlate with the depth of the daytime up-valley wind layer if pressure is horizontally homogeneous above the heated layer. To review, open the file in an editor that reveals hidden Unicode characters. Plain-to-valley winds, and further along-valley winds, stem from the uneven warming of the valley atmosphere and the air above the adjacent plain. Not only temperature, humidity and wind speed, but also visibility and sensible temperature can be obtained. ", OpenWeatherMapAPI Python Tutorial -Access Desired Current Weather Data. Bonaf, U., Calzolari, F., Colombo, T., Decesari, S., DiBiagio, C., The daytime up-valley winds only vary by 23ms1 along the valley, and the onset and offset times are similar throughout the valley. You can download list of city ID from this. Please note if country is not specified then the search works for USA as a default. The
's in string formats 3 & 4 are required for use in HTML. J. Where the valley floors start to incline strongly up towards the tops of the valleys is approximately where the warmed layer starts to become shallower. The along-valley wind characteristics in Khumbu Valley were found to be similar to what previous research has shown, with respect to both observational (Inoue,1976; Ueno and Kayastha,2001; Bollasina etal.,2002; Ueno etal.,2008; Bonasoni etal.,2010; Shea etal.,2015) and model-based studies (Potter etal.,2018, 2021). All this information will be included in the email they send to you. J. Subsidence warming is the dominant mechanisms leading to the heating of the air in the core of the valley in the morning transition phase, whereas the turbulent convective heat flux from the valley floor and the slopes is the dominant mechanism in the afternoon (Serafin and Zardi,2010). You are already using a Unit of Measure by defining the Item as Number:Speed. Kistler, R., Woollen, J., Behringer, D., Liu, H., Stokes, D., Grumbine, R., For each point on the globe, OpenWeather provides historical, current and forecasted weather data via light-speed APIs. Ebisuzaki, W., Lin, R., Xie, P., Chen, M., Zhou, S., Higgins, W., Zou, C.-Z., Get current up-to-date real-time weather conditions to be able to make better business decisions by understanding how weather conditions can affect your drivers. (2015) studied the influence of valley geometry (e.g. In other parts of the valley, the timing of the diurnal cycle is relatively similar on 1821December. The spin-up time of 12h from the beginning of the simulation is excluded. Gayno, G., Wang, J., Hou, Y.-T., yaChuang, H., Juang, H.-M.H., Sela, J., Specifically, in steeply inclined valleys, the buoyancy mechanism that drives up-slope winds in classical mountain wind theories (Whiteman,2000) may become more dominate than the valley-wind mechanism. The depth of the up-valley wind layer and the vertical extent of the amplified diurnal cycle of potential temperature were defined based on the model level at which the clear diurnal cycle vanishes compared to the plain in the along-valley wind time series (not shown, but one model level is shown in Fig.6) and in the amplitude of the diurnal cycle of potential temperature (not shown, but three model levels are shown in Fig.11) respectively. ", # This will ask the user to enter city ID, # This is final url. Potential temperature is plotted with a contour interval of 1K. As the valleys are under similar large-scale forcing, the differences are assumed to be due to differences in the valley topographies. Parameters During Weak Mean-Flow Conditions, Bound.-Lay. Gets weather history for the specific time from OpenWeather (corrected to zero minutes) with the specified latitude and longitude. When selecting OpenWeatherMap as provider the reported Whiteman, C.D. and Doran, J.C.: The Relationship between Overlying A variety of subscriptions with various limits on calls/min, data availability, and service. MB contributed to the understanding and interpretation of the simulation results, particularly in terms of the mesoscale dynamics. The daytime cross-valley circulation consists of up-slope winds in the near-surface layer and subsidence in the valley atmosphere away from the slopes. These locations refer to along-valley grid points 90 and 120 in Makalu and grid points 55 and 90 in Kanchanjunga. The standard score of the daily average wind speed compared to the 40-year monthly means is shown by the black contours with a contour interval of 1SD. This product provides users with current, forecast and historical solar radiation data for any coordinates on the globe. Res.-Atmos., 120, 98829896. Serafin, S. and Zardi, D.: Daytime Heat Transfer Processes Related to Slope The model was run as one continuous 5d simulation that was initialised at 00:00UTC (05:45LT, local time) on 17December2014 and ran until 23:59UTC on 21December2014. For each point on the globe, OpenWeather provides historical, current and forecasted weather data via light-speed APIs. Their ids will follow the format: sensor.
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