what type of bonding is al2s3

Question = Is BrF polar or nonpolar ? Become a donor at the Gold or Lifetime level for access to the Becoming a Student Doctor course! The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. . Is calcium oxide an ionic or covalent bond ? Bond investing is something every new investor should understand. The other halogen molecules (F 2, Br 2, I 2, and At 2) form bonds like those in the chlorine molecule: one single bond between atoms and three lone pairs of electrons per atom.This allows each halogen atom to have a noble gas electron configuration. This transfer of electrons leads to the formation of two oppositely charged ions. 1. Ionic bonds have moderate-to-high \(\Delta \chi\) and moderate values of average \(\sum \chi\). Molar Mass (g/mol) Al2S3 150.16 H2O 18.015 Al(OH)3 75.361 H2S 34.082 Avogadro's No. Al2S3 molecule is made up of 2 metallic aluminium (Al) and three non-metallic Sulphur (S) atoms. Answer: C2 2+ is a Paramagnetic What is Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic ? Different from . A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Lewis structure: diagram showing lone pairs and bonding pairs of electrons in a molecule or an ion. Ionic Bond: The ionic bond is the main type of chemical bond. What type of reaction is this: KOH + HNO3> HOH + KNO3 Synthesis Decomposition Single Replacement Double Replacement****, Single Replacement Double Replacement Synthesis (formation) Decomposition. An oxygen molecule (O 2) is a good example of a molecule with a covalent bond. A. CO2 B. H2O2 Most elements combine with others to form more stable compounds . It does not contain hydrogen bonds between the atoms present in the molecule. A)H3PO4 + 3NaOH -> Na3PO4 + 3H20 This reaction is known as Neutralization. If two atoms are bonded in such a way that both members of the pair equally shared one electron with each other, what is the bond called? It is basically a huge covalent bond of carbon. (ii) write a simple ionic equation to represent, Draw Bohr diagrams of 2 hyrdogen atoms bonding with an oxygen atom by sharing electrons to, A. noble gases B. metals and non-metals C. non-metals only D. metals only. The bond that exists between the positively charged metallic ions and the valence electrons is known as the metallic bond. It shows trigonal planer geometry with sp2 hybridization and 120o bond angle. Is SbCl5 ( Antimony pentachloride ) polar or nonpolar ? This chemical compound is one of the oldest chemicals used especially in the branch of organic chemistry. 3 S atom accepts two electrons each from the aluminium atoms hence it has a +2 charge. A. Al2S3 B. Al3S2 C. Al2S D. AlS3 Al2O3 12. Atomic Bonds There are three main types of chemical bonds used by atoms to fill their valence shell: "Bond, - Covalent Chemical - Metallic Bond" - Ionic 9. Question = Is sis2polar or nonpolar ? 1. The overall charge of Al2O3 is therefore -1. When in doubt, look at the valence electrons and try to make sense of it that way. What type of bonding involves the unequal sharing of a pair of electrons? Salts are compounds which are formed by the reactions between acid and base. The force of attraction between the anion (that is chlorine) and the cation (that is sodium) leads to the formation of table salt or sodium chloride. Mutasim is an author and software engineer from the United States, I and a group of experts made this blog with the aim of answering all the unanswered questions to help as many people as possible. Is phosphorus triodide ( PI3 ) polar or nonpolar . Other Types of Bonds . The bond triangle shows that chemical bonds are not just particular bonds of a specific type. Both hexane and ethanol have hydrogen bonding. It may not display this or other websites correctly. If you want to know how many metal atoms are in 1 molecule of Al2S3, then the answer would be 2, because there are 2 Al atoms.. The polar nature of any compound depends upon the electronegativity difference between the atoms present in the molecule. Al2S3 is acid as well as base means amphoteric in nature. Li2Y with lithium, which has a solid crystalline structure and a high melting point (greater than 900 C). For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Question: Is C2 2+a Paramagnetic or Diamagnetic ? Nonpolar covalent bond and. 2 Al (s) + 3 Br 2(l) ==> 2 AlBr 3(s) Aluminum bromide is hygroscopic and fumes in air, forming a white cloud that looks orange because it is mixed with bromine vapor. This colorless species has an interesting structural chemistry, existing in several forms. A: The polarity of the molecules categorized them into polar and non-polar molecule. Ionic character increases the further apart they are across the periodic table so idk. Let us discuss each, one by one. (Answered 2023), What Are Different Ways to Spell Michael? The first discovery of Aluminium chloride was done in the year 1825 by a Danish physicist and chemist named Hans Christian Oersted. lone pair: two (a pair of) valence electrons that are not used to form a covalent bond. In general chemistry we learned thatbonding between atoms can classified as range of possible bonding between ionic bonds (fully charge transfer) and covalent bonds (fully shared electrons). Al2O3 + H2SO4 Al2 (SO4)3 + H2O. I hope this helps. Ex: Na gives 1 electron to Cl to form the ionic compound NaCl. The metallic bonding, which exists between the two or more distinct elements being used to form an alloy, increases the conductivity and strength of the newly formed material. the valence electrons. Question = Is IF4-polar or nonpolar ? +3 charge develops on each Al metal. Al2S3. For example, Calcium chloride or rock salt, Iron Oxide or rust, Sodium chloride or table salt, etc. The hydrolysis reaction generates gaseous hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Aluminium sulfide has an ionic bond but some authors consider this bond as polar covalent. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bond. The Products are silver and aluminum sulfide. Since all elements in the periodic table want to be like the noble gases and have their valence electron shell filled, Aluminum will share two electrons with one of the Sulfurs bound to it to produce a double covalent bond, and it will share one electron with another Sulfer to make another covalent bond. (Answered 2023), How Do I Make Frozen Fries From Checkers? Chem. Electronic theory Electronic theory mainly focuses on explaining chemical bonding in ionic compounds. Decomposition 3.Single Replacement 3. In ionic bonding, electrons are donated by one atom and another atom receives them. 1969, 73, 11, 3965-3968. a. 9 types b. It has a rotten egg-like sulphur atom smell. Let us discuss the octet rule in Al2S3. Predict whether each of the following bonds is expected to be covalent, polar covalent, or ionic. Describe how you can tell if a polyatomic ion is present in a formula? Synthesis 2. Products 10 mm Spherical Tungsten Carbide Milling Media Balls. When two atoms of slightly differing electronegativities come together to form a covalent bond, one atom attracts the electrons more than the other; this is called a polar covalent bond. Thus, each sulphur atom is surrounded by 8 electrons and completes its octet. 1969Gau/Gil:3969-3972. A polar covalent bond is formed when the difference in electronegativity between the atoms to be bonded together lies within the range of 0.5 and 1.9. Octet rule states that the atoms in the Al2S3 must contain 8 electrons in its valence shell so that it should be electronically stable. Calcium Sulfide - CaS. There are three types of bonding studied at GCSE: Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding Ionic bonding Ionic bonding occurs in compounds that contain a metal (usually a Group. 12 electrons are being bond pairs which form two single bonds and double bonds between Al and S. Remaining 12 electrons are placed on 3 Al atoms. Al2S3 is ionic in nature. But hey, I could be wrong. This difference in the charges contained by the ion and the electrons establishes a force of attraction that binds the two and keeps the metallic structure stable. An intramolecular force is stronger than an intermolecular force. Table Of Contents How is Al2O3 covalent? Answer = BrF ( Bromine monofluoride) is Polar What is polarand non-polar? Answer = SCl6 is Polar What is polarand non-polar? The bond forms between a metal and a non-metal hence we classify it as an ionic bond. If you want to take advantage of bonds, you can also buy securities that are based on bonds, such as bond mutual funds. The material is sensitive to moisture, hydrolyzing to hydrated aluminum oxides/hydroxides. Table salt (NaCl) is a common example of a compound with an ionic bond. And aluminium atom has vacant orbital they donate all electrons to 3 sulphur atom & acquired +3 charge. I'll try and answer this since know one else has answered it. As aluminium is less electronegative than sulphur atoms thus electron clouds are attracted toward more electronegative sulphur atoms. The sodium ion has a +1 charge, whereas the hydroxide atom has a -1 charge. I apologize for the initial post, but I googled a structure of Al2S3 and it showed it as having covalent bonds. What type of bonding does Aluminium have? It is caused by the lasting attraction between positive and negative charges. Use the tables of electronegativitiesand Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) to estimate the following values. A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Sodium donates the electron and becomes positively charged. MgCl 2. When aluminium which is a metal and sulphur which is a non-metal combine to form an Al2S3 molecule. Let us describe the shape of the Al2S3 molecule. 0 A A @ 8 3 ; ; g 4 c d c d X 0 p p p @. PUGVIEW FETCH ERROR: 403 Forbidden National Center for Biotechnology Information 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20894 USA Contact Policies FOIA HHS Vulnerability Disclosure National Library of Medicine sulfide (Al2S3). The force of attraction between these differently charged ions is responsible to hold the atoms in position. What will the formula for the ionic compound formed from. I Hydrogen bonds occur between two hydrogen atoms. Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds. The left side (from ionic to metallic) is meant for delocalized bonds with varying electronegativity difference. Hence aluminium has 3 and S has 6 valence electrons in their last orbital. The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds; or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds . In dissolved aluminium. \[\sum \chi = \dfrac{\chi_A + \chi_B}{2} \label{sum}\]. Chemical Formulas Example: table salt: Sodium Chloride \(\ce{NaCl}\) is an ionic crystal structure, and an electrolyte when dissolved in water; \(\Delta \chi =1.58\), average \(\sum \chi =1.79\), while silicon tetrafluoride is covalent (molecular, non-polar gas; \(\Delta \chi =2.08\), average \(\sum \chi =2.94\). Covalent bonds are of two types as. In the process, one atom gains an electron while one atom loses an electron. This transfer of electrons leads to the formation of two oppositely charged ions. Now that we know the difference between ionic and covalent bonds, we can answer the question posed above. (Paris) 7 (1952) 632696, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_sulfide&oldid=1111294499, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 20 September 2022, at 07:15. Question = Is SbCl5 ( Antimony pentachloride ) polar or nonpolar ? Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O. The bond issuer takes on the debt, and the person that buys the debt, the bondholder, is the one providing funds. of bonding involved between the elements in aluminium Answer = SCl6 is Polar What is polarand non-polar? Table sugar has a much more complex chemical structure than salt. Can I Swim With Hair Extensions? The compound contains both ion and covalent bonds. Products Double Sides Lithium Iron Phosphate. What type of bond is the C-Cl bond in CCl4? It distorts the electron cloud in O-2 ion and this gives a degree of covalent character to the compound. Sulfur is more electronegative then aluminum, which allows each sulfur to fill its valence electron shell. Hybridization of aluminium sulphide (Al2S3) is sp2. which has closely packed molecules. By the way, this is a neat way to "polish" silver that is tarnished with black silver sulfide. Let us see the solubility of Al2S3. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. It makes the teeth more resistant to decay and keeps the cavity-causing bacterias away. Question = Is C2H6Opolar or nonpolar ? Al2S3 Lewis structure has 6 lone pairs. While aluminium is electropositive donates electrons to Al and acquires a positive charge. After bond formation count the remaining electrons which are not participate in bond formation are denoted as lone pairs of Al2S3 molecule. It is an ionic compound, the bond between the aluminium and Sulphur atom is formed by sharing electrons with each other. An ionic bond is accountable to bind the atoms of sodium and chlorine together to form a stable structure of sodium chloride. Since each aluminum in the structure will transfer its electrons to the 3 sulfurs, the resulting charge on each aluminum will be +3, and the charge on each sulfer will be -2. Note that sodium, like all metals, is a NON-MOLECULAR material. The force of attraction between these differently charged ions is responsible to hold the atoms in position. Both ionic and covalent bonding arise out of the need for electrons or the need to remove electrons in order to have a complete octet, which is stable. A good rule of thumb to go by is if you can't come up with a reasonable Lewis structure for a molecule it is probably ionic. It is formed by the reaction between Al metal and S non-metal. The periodic table shows the basic building blocks for everything we see around us . Instead, it tends to share the 4 electrons with the adjacent atoms. chem In 1941 van Arkel recognized three extreme materials and associated bonding types. When the electronegativity difference between two atoms is 2, what type of bond can be predicted? Let us find out whether Al2S3 is salt or not. Al is a metalloid ionics are metal + non-metal. Polar "In A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds. Which can be calculated as, formal charges of lewis structure = (valence electrons nonbonding electrons -1/2 bonding electrons). Chem. The shared pair of electrons are also known are bonding pairs or shared pairs. Reaction Type. The other Sulfur that shares one electron with each Aluminum, can also donate a pair of electrons to each Aluminum which fills up Aluminum's P-orbital and makes it like the noble gases. Molecular derivatives of Al2S3 are not known. Chemical Formulas A chemical formula tells us: - the type of atoms present - the number of atoms present - the type of compound 10. E509 Cacl2 Calcium Dichloride Calcium(2+) Chloride Calcium(Ii . Ionic bonds require at least one electron The reason why aluminum donates its electrons to sulfur and sulfur doesn't donate their electrons to sulfur has to do with the electronegativity difference between the two. . Let us find out the hybridization in the Al2S3 molecule. Infobox references. There are five main types of bonds: Treasury, savings, agency, municipal, and corporate. A non-polar covalent bond is formed when the electronegativity is less than 0.5. The solubility of any compound depends upon the ability of that solute to dissolve in the solvents like water or any other. Other types of bonding include hydrogen . Question = Is SbCl5 ( Antimony pentachloride ) polar or nonpolar ? Reactants Ed Vitz (Kutztown University), John W. Moore (UW-Madison), Justin Shorb (Hope College), Xavier Prat-Resina (University of Minnesota Rochester), Tim Wendorff, and Adam Hahn. The tendency of an atom to complete its octet becomes the basis of establishing a covalent bond amongst the atoms. Lewis structure shape determines the special or definite arrangement of atoms present in the molecule. Explain how this bonding takes place with respect to This borrowing of electrons between the atoms of carbon is a perfect example of intramolecular forces existing in nature. Group 13, gallium is known to form a similar compound, digallane, Ga2H6. (Answered 2023), Dangerous Drug for Dogs Metoprolol (Answered 2023), Can Squirrels Eat Cherry Pits? Ionic bond form by the weak electrostatic force of attraction while covalent compound form by the strong covalent bonds. On the right side of Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) (from ionic to covalent) should be compounds with varying difference in electronegativity. Carbon has a valency of 4 electrons, which means either it can lose or gain 4 electrons to complete its octet. It is an ionic compound, the bond between the aluminium and Sulphur atom is formed by sharing electrons with each other. It is formed by metal and nonmetal hence when Al2S3 reacts with a base it forms acid and when reacts with acid forms a base. Let us calculate the formal charge. I'm not familiar with any exceptions like that. Ionic bonding involves a transfer of an electron. You can also look at the valence electrons and see that Al has 3 valence electrons and S has 6. 8.What type of reaction is this: NaCl > Na + Cl2. R Thomson, FW Dalby "Experimental determination of the dipole moments of the X (2Sigma+) and B (2 Sigma+) state of the CN molecule" Canadian Journal of Physics 46, 2815 (1968) 10.1139/p68-652. Aluminum sulfide or aluminium sulphide is a chemical compound with the formula Al 2 S 3. Identify the type of bonding in each substance. Using 36 main group elements, such as metals, metalloids and non-metals, he placed ionic, metallic and covalent bonds on the corners of an equilateral triangle, as well as suggested intermediate species. of bond on central atom + lone pair on the central atom. Which is the easiest type of molecular bond? Is phosphorus triodide ( PI3 ) polar or nonpolar . Hi.I am Darshana Fendarkar, I have completed my Ph.D. from the University of Nagpur. 2. Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds. When atoms approach one another, their nuclei and electrons interact and tend to distribute themselves in space in such a way that the total energy is lower than it would be in any alternative . Metal oxides are generally basic in nature but aluminium oxide is amphoteric oxide. Also the empirical formula for ionic compounds tend to be written in a way that represents the most basic form of the crystalline structure (i.e. Since the difference between the electronegativity is very small; therefore, a polar covalent bond is said to be present between the slightly different electronegative atoms. Answer = SiCl2F2 is Polar What is polarand non-polar? Answer = IF4- isNonpolar What is polarand non-polar? Also, by applying the octet rule find out whether Al and S atoms complete their octet or not. As we learn more about taking care of our hair between salon appointments, the EVERLASTING.COLOUR at-home bond building treatment is a must. [2][3], The and phases are obtained by annealing the most stable -Al2S3 phase at several hundred degrees Celsius. Chemical bond A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds. The compound contains both ion and covalent bonds. d. Ethanol has a higher boiling point due to hydrogen bonding. of this 3Ag2S + 2Al 6Ag + Al2S3. Also shape of the molecule can be determined from the Lewis structure of the Al2S3 molecule. Compound Group #3: Brass, an alloy of Cu and Zn White gold, alloy of Au, Ni & Pd Stainless steel, alloy of Fe, Cr & Ni Pewter, an alloy of Sn and Cu Magnesium, Mg Sodium, Na Think about it: What do you notice about the locations of each of these elements? https://www.google.com/search?q=polishing+silver+aluminum, What are the reactants and the products of this reaction? Aluminum Chloride - AlCl 3. A. double-replacement B. combustion C. single-replacement D. decomposition C? Compounds can be divided into two groups based on the type of chemical bonding that occurs between theelements. You must log in or register to reply here. (Answered 2023), What Are the Limitations of Shenron? Search 3. Sulfur's ability to accept two electrons from Aluminum gives Sulfer the two electrons needed to fill its valence electron shell. S-S; S-H; S-K. View Answer. And at still higher temperatures stabilize the -Al2S3 forms, with a structure akin to -Al2O3. So while solving problems just look at the . Question: Is calcium oxidean ionic or covalent bond ? Reaction with sulphuric acid. CaCl2 + Al2S3 = CaS + AlCl3 might be a redox reaction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond. Bond triangles or van ArkelKetelaar triangles (named after Anton Eduard van Arkel and J. Products Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide. Let us look at whether Al2S3 is polar or nonpolar. This type of bond is sometimes called as 'banana bond'. HF, would be written as H- F Since E = 1.10, the bond is polar covalent. Question = Is BrF polar or nonpolar ? Answer: Al2S3 ( Aluminum sulfide ) is ionic bond What is chemical bond, ionic bond, covalent bond? Al2S3 + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2S calculate the number of excess reagent units remaining when 4 Al2S3 formula units and 30 H2O molecules react? The 3 Month (100 Day) MCAT Study Schedule Guide: 2022 Edition. Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their. The type of bonding that you will observe in the structure in an atom of Al2S3 is ionic. chemical bonding, any of the interactions that account for the association of atoms into molecules, ions, crystals, and other stable species that make up the familiar substances of the everyday world. In metals, the outermost shells of the atoms overlap with each other. Synthesis**** Decomposition Single Replacement Double Replacement Combustion 9. When dissolved in water decomposes and forms hydrogen sulphide (H2S). Al2S3 does not act as salt. All the ions are held together in a crystal by electrostatic forces. Call Us: +1 (520)789-6673 Sign in or Create an Account. Most sources say that it is is ionic. III Hydrogen bonding requires a molecule containing a large . All the 2 Al and 3 S atoms are placed in the square. 3 S atom accepts two electrons each from the aluminium atoms hence it has a +2 charge. Al2S3 has a total of 24 valence electrons. State the oxidation number for each element in the reaction. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. oxidation-reduction condensation single-replacement double-replacement, https://www.google.com/search?q=polishing+silver+aluminum. II Hydrogen bonding occurs between a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom within a molecule. (Answered 2023). It has a +3 formal charge on aluminium and -2 formal charge on sulphur. Let us see whether Al2S3 is molecular or not. Two moles of Aluminum Chloride [AlCl3] and three moles of Sodium Sulfide [Na2S] react to form six moles of Sodium Chloride [NaCl] and one mole of Aluminium Sulphide [Al2S3] Show Structural Image Reaction Type Double Displacement (Metathesis) Redox (Oxidation-Reduction) Reaction AlCl3 + Na2S = NaCl + Al2S3 might be a redox reaction. No spam, just the good stuff. The charges being equal and opposite in nature establishes a strong bond between the two and leads to the formation of a new product with completely different characteristics. Most of them have rather similar, wurtzite-like structures, and differ by the arrangement of lattice vacancies, which form ordered or disordered sublattices. Prism. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_bonding. Hybridization = no. It has a strong ionic bond in the Al2S3 molecule. Mixed Al-S-Cl compounds are however known. ; An ionic bond is also known as an electrovalent bond. Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. e. Hydrogen bonding and London dispersion forces are at cross purposes here. An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond that results from the electrostatic attraction between cations and anions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic forces of attraction, that is, the attractive forces experienced between objects of opposite electrical charge (in this case, cations and anions). A molecular compound contains a strong covalent bond between the atoms in the molecule. And sodium sulfide is also non-molecular, ionic solid composed . let us determine valence electrons in Al2S3. As per the electronic theory, neutral atoms change into ions as they . 1 Aluminum has a Pauling electronegativity of 1.5 and bromine has an electronegativity of 2.8. Similarly, non-metals accept the donated electron, become negatively charged, and are known as anions. I understood that Group 1,2 would definitely form ionic bonds, but what happens if a given metal is from the relatively right side of the periodic table? Whether you are building a specific 3 fund portfolio, or simply deciding on your asset allocation, the types of bonds you choose matter.. From government bonds to corporate bonds, they all play a similar role in your portfolio - diversification.However, there are distinct differences between them, and understanding those . Question = Is SCl6polar or nonpolar ? Question = Is phosphorus triodide ( PI3 ) polar or nonpolar ? (Answered 2023). And S2- ions go towards the anode due to oxidation reaction. Chemical bond A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds. We may earn a commission, at no cost to you, if you purchase through links. What are bond-building treatments? o Draw the dipole for each bond. Three sulphur atoms gain 2 electrons each from aluminium atom & have -2 charge on sulphur. Consider the following reaction for silver tarnishing: 3Ag2S(s) + 2Al(s) -> 6Ag(s) + Al2S3(s) a. d d @ @@ `` 8 - This is a compound where the bonding is borderline ionic/covalent- it is not a typical ionic compound. Alumina, also known as aluminum oxide, is a covalent compound. Lewis structure is the structural representation. Question = Is SiCl2F2polar or nonpolar ? Let us discuss whether Al2S3 is an electrolyte or not. Covalent bonds are the bonds that hold atoms together in molecules. It shows a repeating hexagonal pattern of Al3+ and S2- ions hence Al2S3 has a closely packed hexagonal crystal structure. Each sulfur molecule in Al2S3 wants to fill its valence electron shell to become more like the noble gases, and the addition of two extra electrons allows it to fill its valence electron shell.

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