goliad massacre survivors

[14] The 75 soldiers of William Parsons Miller and the Nashville Battalion were captured on March 20 and marched to Goliad on March 23. The Alamo! His men thundered a reply with an addendum: Remember the Alamo! The Alamo! Mexican forces under General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna continued to sweep across Texas toward Fort Defiance, the presidio in Goliad that had been seized by the rebels in October 1835 at the onset of the war for independence. Goliad is located on U.S. Highway 59, named also for the late U.S. Fannin ordered the bulk of his army to retreat from Goliad on March 19, in the hopes of joining the forces of General Sam Houston. A monument marks the burial site outside. Things to Do [3] The following month, Texians declared themselves part of a state independent from Coahuila and created a provisional state government based on the principles of the Constitution of 1824. [4], The Mexicans took the Texians back to Goliad, where they were held as prisoners at Fort Defiance (Presidio La Bahia). Angeli Wright awright@vicad.com A Bible opened up to Psalm 22 is nailed to the tree. Harbert Davenport and Craig H. Roell. Nearly 350 rebels were executed in the Goliad Massacre, almost twice as many as were killed at the siege of the Alamo. Pedro (Luis?) On March 22, William Ward and the Georgia Battalion (80 men plus Ward) surrendered after escaping from the Battle of Refugio. Those who survived the initial volley were run down by the Mexican cavalry. Take time to visit the museum and wander the grounds where so much blood was spilled. The third group, on the San Patricio road, was farther from cover; only four men from it are known to have escaped. Goliad weekend Where: Presidio La Baha, south of Goliad When: 9 a.m. to 4:45 p.m. Saturday and Sunday; candlelight tour is from 7 to 9 p.m. Saturday Cost: Daily admission is $4 for adults,. The guard on the right of the column of prisoners then countermarched and formed with the guard on the left. The wounded Texans, about fifty (some estimates are much higher) including doctors and orderlies, Colonel Fannin among them, were returned to Goliad over the next two days. They may have been added to the prisoners at Goliad and killed with Fannin on March 27. After the executions the bodies were burned, the remains left exposed to weather, vultures, and coyotes, until June 3, 1836, when Gen. Thomas J. Rusk, who had established his headquarters at Victoria after San Jacinto and was passing through Goliad in pursuit of Gen. Vicente Filisola's retreating army, gathered the remains and buried them with military honors. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. In eight days, home and liberty!". Texan Leader James w. Fannin. The inscription on the watch reads that Jack retrieved Fannin's watch among the items taken from the Mexicans and returned it to Fannin's family. His literary contributions, including Early Times in Texas, were said to have inspired the famous short story writer (and one-time GLO employee) O. Henry. [18] Three known survivors escaped to Houston's army and participated in the Battle of San Jacinto. Every dollar helps. 15 people died and eight were injured in a one-vehicle wreck on U.S. Highway 59 between Goliad and Beeville. Shannon always knew she would write novels, but the need to make a living and raise a family came first. Despite the protests for clemency by General Jos de Urrea, the massacre was reluctantly carried out by Lt. Lightboxes. Urrea complied to the extent of issuing an order to shoot his prisoners, along with those captured in the battle of Agua Dulce Creek, but he had no stomach for such cold-blooded killing; and when Father Thomas J. Malloy, priest of the Irish colonists, protested the execution, Urrea remitted the prisoners to Matamoros, asking Santa Anna's pardon for having done so and washing his hands of their fate. This volume is the most complete resource of reliable firsthand accounts of massacre survivors. They were later marched to Matamoros. Although shot in the thigh, Fannin continued to lead the fight until darkness fell. The Goliad Massacre occurred March 27, 1836, just three weeks after the battle of the Alamo. Fannin also believed that by occupying Goliad, he could prevent Mexican commander Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna from drawing supplies from the Gulf of Mexico, but Fannin was called to assist Colonel William Travis at the Alamo. He was captured at Goliad; however, his life was spared so that he could treat the wounded Mexicans there and at San Antonio. It would be entirely consistent with British actions throughout the world in the 19th Century where adventurers operated with at least the tacit support of the British government in pursuing this scheme or that. After his brush with death at Goliad, John C. Duval lived a long, distinguished life. Fannin and some forty (Pea estimated eighty or ninety) wounded Texans unable to march were put to death within the presidio under the direction of Capt. Urrea, meanwhile, heard of their presence and marched a flying column of 300 Mexican troops to Refugio, hoping to overtake the Texians. Urrea, however, urged his commander to be lenient. An hour after Santa Annas execution orders arrived, Portilla received the contradictory message from Urrea to treat the prisoners with consideration, and especially their leader, Fannin. After an agonizing night weighing the two instructions, Portilla decided to uphold the wishes of the Mexican dictator. Under President Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna, the Mexican government began to shift away from a federalist model to a more centralized government. [7] In the early nineteenth century, captured pirates were executed immediately. They were among at least 350 men killed in the massacre at Goliad March 27, 1836, just three weeks after the fall of the Alamo.. William Kennedy, Texas: The Rise, Progress, and Prospects of the Republic of Texas (London: Hastings, 1841; rpt., Fort Worth: Molyneaux Craftsmen, 1925). [citation needed]. Many of those who eventually escaped were first recaptured and later managed a second escape. The remaining survivors joined Fannin's troops and were later killed in the Goliad Massacre. The massive number of Texian prisoner-of-war casualties throughout the Goliad Campaign led to Goliad being called a "Massacre" by Texas-American forces and fueled the frenzy of the Runaway Scrape. [5] Johnson's news persuaded Fannin to abandon any further attempt to send relief to the Alamo or to try to secure badly needed supplies waiting at Matagorda; he prepared the Presidio La Baha at Goliad for defense against the advancing Mexican Army. The dead are suspected illegal immigrants from Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico, according to U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Because of the intervention of Francita Alavez (known as the "Angel of Goliad"), 20 more men were spared to act as doctors, interpreters, or workers. He made three requests: that his personal possessions be sent to his family, to be shot in the heart and not the face, and to be given a Christian burial. Texan sources specify the number of prisoners as 407, exclusive of Miller's men. That afternoon, Urrea's cavalry encircled the Texians. His three dying wishes were to be shot in the chest, given a Christian burial and have his watch sent to his family. The site of the massacre is now topped by a large monument containing the names of the victims. The town is the county seat of Goliad County, one of the oldest counties of Texas and is located about 100 miles southeast of San Antonio, 80 miles northeast of Corpus Christi on U.S. 183-77A. Under a decree passed by the Mexican Congress on December 30 of the previous year, armed foreigners taken in combat were to be treated as pirates and executed. The massive number of Texian prisoner-of-war casualties throughout the Goliad Campaign led to Goliad being called a "Massacre" by Texas-American forces and fueled the frenzy of the Runaway Scrape . [15][16], The Mexicans took the Texians back to Goliad, where they were held as prisoners at Fort Defiance (Presidio La Bahia). The Goliad massacre was an event of the Texas Revolution that occurred on March 27, 1836, following the Battle of Refugio and the Battle of Coleto; 425445 prisoners of war from the Texian Army of the Republic of Texas were executed by the Mexican Army in the town of Goliad, Texas.The men surrendered under the belief they would be set free within a few weeks, however this was not to be. King's men and at Victoria he saved twenty-six of Lt. Col. William Ward's troops by claiming to need them to transport cannons across the San Antonio River[21]), Colonel Garay, Father Maloney (also referred as Molloy), Urrea's wife and an unnamed girl. [4] By the end of the year, all Mexican troops had been expelled from Texas.[5]. Read More. Fannin, because he was wounded, was shot separately at the mission on the same day. Goliad massacre Connected to: {{::readMoreArticle.title}} From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia {{bottomLinkPreText}} {{bottomLinkText}} This page is based on a Wikipedia article written by contributors (read/edit). JOHN CRITTENDEN DUVAL: THE LAST SURVIVOR OF THE GOLIAD MASSACRE. WILLIAM COKNEK. Antonio Ramrez, and first adjutant Agustn Alcrrica (a colonel in the Tres Villas Battalion in April 1836). We are a community-supported, non-profit organization and we humbly ask for your support because the careful and accurate recording of our history has never been more important. They then headed for Lavaca Bay, where they would end up surrounded. The largest group, including what remained of Ward's Georgia Battalion and Capt. Believing they were on missions to gather wood, drive cattle or even sail to safety in New Orleans, the rebels joked and swapped stories. This is the first page of a list that covers 17 pages. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. As Palm Sunday dawned on March 27, the prisoners were divided into quarters. If Urrea gave him that guarantee, however, he did not have the power to do so. A thick cloud of smoke was wreathing toward the San Antonio River. Until this episode Santa Anna's reputation had been that of a cunning and crafty man, rather than a cruel one. [6] In late December, at his behest, the Mexican Congress passed the Tornel Decree, declaring that any foreigners fighting against Mexican troops "will be deemed pirates and dealt with as such, being citizens of no nation presently at war with the Republic and fighting under no recognized flag". General Urrea departed Goliad, leaving command to Colonel Jos Nicols de la Portilla. Few of us understood the order, and those who did would not obey. Less than a month later, as Houston prepared his men for the decisive Battle of San Jacinto that would earn Texas its independence, he concluded his impassioned speech with the rallying cry: Remember the Alamo! In 1892, Duval published his journal, Early Times in Texas, or, the Adventures of Jack Dobell, which detailed his imprisonment, escape, and eventual return to safety during the final month of the Texas Revolution. Later in 1883 while living in El Paso County, he applied for and received an additional donation as a surviving veteran of the Texas Revolution. Before his execution he made three requests. [6], On March 2, at the Battle of Agua Dulce, Grant was killed, as were about 20 other men under his command. Urrea detained about twenty of Ward's men to build boats at Guadalupe Victoria, and Seora Alavez intervened with her husband, Col. Telesforo Alavez, whom Urrea left in charge of this village, to spare their lives as well; they afterward escaped. CNN . https://www.tshaonline.org, https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/goliad-massacre, By: Follow in their footsteps and peek into Texas' past. Mexican Leader Jose de It features an art deco relief sculpture and the names of the men who were killed.[32]. Unhurt myself, I sprang up and, concealed by the thick smoke, fled along the hedge in the direction of the river, the noise of the water for my guide. According to the written terms, Fannins men were to be treated as prisoners of war under international custom and would be released back to the United States. The battle and execution, popularly (and controversially) referred to as the "Goliad Massacre," have been recreated each March by costumed members of the Crossroads of Texas Living History. From two groups shot on the river roads, those not instantly killed fled to the woods along the stream, and twenty-four managed to escape. [3] Six Texians were taken prisoners and were marched to prison in Matamoros. The Goliad Massacre, the tragic termination of the Goliad Campaign of 1836, is of all the episodes of the Texas Revolution the most infamous. Colonel Fannin was the last to be executed, after seeing his men butchered. Top 100 High Schools in the Nation, U.S. News & World Report; . [5] Johnson and four others escaped in the darkness and rejoined Fannin's command at Goliad, where they said that all the prisoners had been executed. The Goliad Massacre, set in the town of Goliad on March 27, 1836, was an execution of Republic of Texas soldier-prisoners and their commander, James Fannin, by the Mexican Army. [9] On February 26, 1836, he attempted to march to San Antonio but turned back at the San Antonio River because of the inability to travel with the artillery and arms. [13] Albert Clinton Horton and his company had been acting as the advance and rear guards for Fannin's company. However, he had sent most of his carts and horses with Ward to Refugio and had no cavalry. The outcome was The Goliad massacre, set in the town of Goliad on March 27, 1836, was the killing of Republic of Texas soldier-prisoners and their commander, James Fannin, during the Texas Revolution by the Mexican Army under orders from General and President of Mexico Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. [30] Santa Anna responds: the Alamo and the Goliad Massacre. Colonists in Texas, primarily immigrants from the United States, revolted in October 1835 and by the end of the year had expelled all Mexican troops from their province. Goliad Tourism Goliad Hotels Goliad Bed and Breakfast Goliad Vacation Packages Flights to Goliad Goliad Restaurants Things to Do in Goliad Goliad Travel Forum Goliad Photos Goliad Map Goliad Travel Guide All Goliad Hotels; Goliad Hotel Deals; Led to believe that they would be released into the United States, they returned to their former fort in Goliad, now their prison. The Goliad Massacre of March 27,1836 By: Jackson Kolb The massacre of Goliad the Goliad massacre was the termination of the survivors of the Alamo and battle of Goliad. Fannin's men possessed, besides their rifles, 500 spare muskets and nine brass cannons and, if told that it would mean death to surrender, could sell their lives at fearful cost and might cut their way through Urrea's lines. [12] Led to believe that they would be paroled and released into the United States, they were returned to the fort at Goliad, now their prison. Save big when you register early. Within his journal, John recounts adventures involving fellow Goliad survivors, a Mexican lion, Indians, rattlesnakes, and much more before he was able to reach civilization around May 4, 1836.[8]. The guard, which was to serve also as a firing squad, included the battalions of Tres Villas and Yucatn, dismounted cavalry, and pickets from the Cuautla, Tampico, and Durango regiments. Col. James W. Fannin and his army of men had surrendered to the Mexican army and agreed to be. From the viewpoint of the Mexican Army, Santa Annas command was justified by a law of December 30, 1835, stipulating that any foreigners caught in the act of taking up arms against Mexico were to be considered pirates and summarily executed. The killing King and his men had infuriated their enemies by burning local ranchos and shooting eight Mexicans seated around a campfire, and these enemies were clamoring for vengeance. Mabel Major and Rebecca W. Smith, (Austin, TX: H.P.N. Doctor's grandmother, Thelma Evans Hawkins, was a survivor of the Rosewood massacre. LEE OXFORD BOOKS New York American New-YorkMay 14, 1836 SURVIVOR AFFIDAVIT OF THE GOLIAD MASSACRE BY ZACHARIAH S. BROOKS, WILSON SIMPSON AND DILLARD COOPER DESCRIPTION: 4-page original newspaper in go The Goliad Massacre, set in the town of Goliad on March 27, 1836, was an execution of Republic of Texas soldier-prisoners and their commander, James Fannin, by the Mexican Army. [3] John C. Duval, Early Times in Texas, or, the Adventures of Jack Dobell, ed. Fighting was halted that day at dark. Among these was Herman Ehrenberg, who later wrote an account of the massacre; William Lockhart Hunter survived despite being bayoneted and clubbed with a musket. 1887; facsimile rpt., Austin: Steck, 1935). They were later marched to Matamoros. Background and events. Ehrenberg: Goliad Survivor, Old West Explorer: A Biography by Natalie Ornish,, Herman Ehrenberg Print length 403 pages Language English Publisher Texas Heritage Pr Publication date January 1, 1997 Dimensions 6.5 x 1.25 x 9.5 inches ISBN-10 0962075515 ISBN-13 978-0962075513 See all details Books with Buzz He also had a similar order sent directly to the "Officer Commanding the Post of Goliad". [1], Forty Texians were unable to walk. After Santa Anna learned that a force of Texas rebels was heading toward Matamoros, he sent General Urrea to march north along the coast of Texas to stop them. [5] Urrea had sent 18 of the 24 prisoners to Matamoros, where they were sentenced to death, but later released. Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. On March 26, 1836, 19:00, Portilla received orders from Santa Anna in triplicate to execute the prisoners. There are over 20 public-school districts and other great public charter school options, like KIPP Texas-Houston and IDEA Public Schools, within Houston's city limits serving our increasing population.We are a rapidly growing organization, committed to creating life-changing. He ordered the immediate execution of the perfidious foreigners and dispatched an aide to Goliad to ensure that Lieutenant Colonel Jose Nicolas de la Portilla, who had been left in charge at Goliad while Urrea continued his march through southern Texas, carried out his brutal directive. They were overtaken shortly and surrendered for lack of munitions. Kathryn Stoner O'Connor, The Presidio La Baha del Espritu Santo de Ziga, 1721 to 1846 (Austin: Von Boeckmann-Jones, 1966). The Apache tribes disliked the Mexicans so, that when the United States went to war against Mexico, the Apache promised to provide them with safe passage through their lands. The massacre is commemorated in Walt Whitman's poem Song of Myself, section 34. [They were] to be liberated on parole, and that arrangements had been made to send [them] to New Orleans on board of vessels then at Copano.[6] Duval joined the division that was marched northwest along the road leading to San Antonio. Upon hearing heavy firing of musketry in the directions taken by the other two divisions, [one of the men] exclaimed Boys! Civil Society Lone Star Life Texas History Today in Texas History: Massacre at Goliad On March 27, 1836, over 350 Texian soldiers were murdered by Mexican firing squads near Goliad after having surrendered days earlier. James Fannin commanded troops stationed at Fort Defiance in Goliad. This order was received on March 26 by Col. Jos Nicols de la Portilla, whom Urrea had left at Goliad. Six Texians escaped, five were recaptured and marched to Goliad. The area that bordered the United States, known as Texas, was populated primarily by English-speaking settlers, known as Texians. Urrea departed Goliad, leaving Colonel Jos Nicols de la Portilla in command. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}283851N 972259W / 28.6476N 97.3830W / 28.6476; -97.3830. This galvanized Texians and led to victory in their war for independence. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this entry. The Battle of Coleto ended with a Texian surrender on March 20. The Napoleon of the West was no longer seen as a brilliant military strategist but a cruel despot. Every penny counts! The survivors reached Goliad on February 29. [4] Colonel Fannin received an order from General Sam Houston to retreat to Victoria just a few weeks later. For a lucky few at Goliad, some soldiers were able to escape the carnage. The first prisoners taken by Urrea were the survivors of Francis W. Johnson's party, captured at and near San Patricio on February 27, 1836 (see SAN PATRICIO, BATTLE OF). Long, 1990, p. 280 states that Ward and 120 men from his Georgia Battalion were captured by Urrea's force. Once the columns reached their selected location, the Mexican soldados formed into two ranks on one side of the captives. Signup today for our free newsletter, Especially Texan. However, the Mexicans would receive overwhelming reinforcements and heavy artillery. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. In recent years, the massacre that took place at Presidio La Bahia on March 27, 1836 has been twisted into a politically correct "lawful execution" by some groups. Records of John C. Duvals service in the Republic of Texas Army and his escape from Goliad can be found in the Archives of the General Land Office. In view of Santa Anna's positive orders, Urrea could not, of course, accede to these terms, but refusing them would mean another bloody battle. "There is a rank due to the United States, among nations, which will be withheld, if not absolutely lost, by the reputation of weakness. Determined to punish the rebellious Texans, whom he viewed as pirates who deserved to be executed, Santa Anna mounted a campaign to demonstrate his power by exacting the same kind of retribution upon them that he had visited upon Zacatecas.In command of an army that would eventually grow to perhaps more than 7,000 troops, he began a march . [9] On March 14, Colonel William Ward and 200 men, who had been sent to help Captain Amon B. Matthew Ellenberger, "HORTON, ALBERT CLINTON,". This is featured in his collected poems titled Leaves of Grass. This order was received by Portilla on March 26, who decided it was his duty to comply despite receiving a countermanding order from Urrea later that same day. Colonel Jos Nicols de la Portilla under orders of the President of Mexico, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. Jos Enrique de la Pea, With Santa Anna in Texas (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1975). Oct. 28, 1886 A Survivor of the Goliad Massacre; Participant in the Vasquez Campaign in 1842; Senator in the Eighth Congress of the Republic Erected by the State of Texas. If you change your mind, you can easily unsubscribe. Some of the prisoners taken at Refugio but not executed with King's men are known to have been at Goliad, where they were again spared because they were serving the Mexican army as blacksmiths, wheelwrights, or other artisans. When the Texans finally resumed their march in the afternoon, they quickly encountered the Mexican forces. Goliad Massacre, Fannin, however, lacked the same urgency as the orders he received on March 14, 1836. [17] Under a decree that Santa Anna had pressed and which was passed by the Mexican Congress on December 30, 1835, armed foreigners taken in combat were to be treated as pirates and executed. Meanwhile, Mexican forces under General Jos de Urrea were quickly reaching Goliad, and they defeated three Texan forces at the Battle of San Patricio on February 27, the Battle of Agua Dulce on March 2, and the Battle of Refugio on March 12.[10]. Whether indecisive, stubborn or loyal to the rebels away on missions whom he did not want to abandon, Fannin remained in Goliad until the morning of March 19. According to Duval, in February of 1836, the men at Goliad were informed by a Mexican from the Rio Grande that Santa Anna was on the Texas border with a large army. Prompt movements are therefore highly important.. The Goliad Massacre, also referred to as The Goliad Execution, was the brutal shooting of Texas soldiers by Mexican forces. 24, 3, Dallas, TX: Southern Methodist University, April 1939. Time Period: Texas Revolution 1835-36. Description: Three hundred forty-two Texas prisoners, consisting of James Fannin's command captured at the Battle of Coleto and those of Amon King and William Ward captured at the Battle of Refugio . In Goliad, Colonel James Fannin commanded the Texan force of nearly 500 trained soldiers and militia. We need your support because we are a non-profit organization that relies upon contributions from our community in order to record and preserve the history of our state. The bullets whistled round me as I swam slowly and wearily to the other side, but none wounded me. [14] The Texians had traveled only six miles (10km) from their fort when, on March 19, the Mexican army engaged the Texians on an open prairie. Nell White, Goliad in the Texas Revolution (M.A. On March 6, the Mexican force under Santa Anna stormed the Alamo and killed the garrison. "The Mexican Side of the Texas Revolution". At selected spots on each of the three roads, from half to three-fourths of a mile from the presidio, the three groups were halted. When one of their carts fell into the San Antonio River, the colonel told his men to halt and retrieve it. [2] As part of his preparations for marching on Texas, in late December 1835 Santa . Urrea satisfied his conscience by shooting King and fourteen of his men, while "setting at liberty all who were colonists or Mexicans. [2] In November 1835, John C. Duval volunteered for a company organized in Kentucky by his brother, Burr H. Duval, with the plan to go to fight in Texas. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Urrea, meanwhile, sent cavalry to surround and isolate Goliad. This made the Texans angry and led to th Battle of San Jacinto. Back at the presidio, the Mexicans executed the wounded against the chapel wall and even shot them in their makeshift beds. Colonel Jos Nicols de la Portilla, under orders from General and President of Mexico, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. [citation needed], On March 22, William Ward and the Georgia Battalion (80 men plus Ward) surrendered after escaping from the Battle of Refugio. The two-day Battle of Coleto ensued, with the Texians holding their own on the first day. Colonel Fannin was the last to be executed, after seeing his men executed. John J. Linn, Reminiscences of Fifty Years in Texas (New York: Sadlier, 1883; 2d ed., Austin: Steck, 1935; rpt., Austin: State House, 1986). [2] J. Frank Dobie, John C. Duval: First Texas Man of Letters, Southwest Review Vol. Joseph H. Barnard, Dr. J. H. Barnard's Journal: A Composite of Known Versions, ed. Ward and the Georgia Battalion attempted to escape to Victoria, where they expected to link up with the balance of Fannin's command. He said the Texan prisoners and American volunteers numbered about 400, while the Mexican captors totaled 700, in addition to cavalry and smaller groups of Mexican soldiers he saw gathered on the prairie. [3] The company, known as the Mustangs, came under the command of Colonel James W. Fannin once they arrived in Texas. Age 32, he was taken by Mexican soldiers to the courtyard in front of the chapel, blindfolded, and seated in a chair (due to his leg wound from the battle). Instead, the Mexican commanding officer shot Fannin in the face, burned his body with the others and kept the timepiece as a war prize. Among these was Herman Ehrenberg, who later wrote an account of the massacre;[22] William Lockhart Hunter, also of the New Orleans Greys, who survived despite being bayoneted and clubbed with a musket;[23] and four members of Shackelford's Red Rovers: Dillard Cooper,[24] Zachariah S. Brooks, Wilson Simpson, and Isaac D. Hamilton,[25] who escaped after days on the run.

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