[181] Putin then won the 2000 presidential election,[182] and defeated the Chechen insurgency in the Second Chechen War. [376] Russia is the world's largest exporter of wheat,[379][380] the largest producer of barley and buckwheat, among the largest exporters of maize and sunflower oil, and the leading producer of fertilizer. [428] Russia is famed worldwide for its rich museums, such as the State Russian, the State Hermitage, and the Tretyakov Gallery; and for theatres such as the Bolshoi and the Mariinsky. [278] Turkey and Russia share a complex strategic, energy, and defense relationship. [citation needed], In 2010, there were 259.8million speakers of Russian in the world: in Russia 137.5 million, in the CIS and Baltic countries 93.7million, in Eastern Europe 12.9million, Western Europe 7.3million, Asia 2.7million, Middle East and North Africa 1.3million, Sub-Saharan Africa 0.1million, Latin America 0.2million, U.S., Canada, Australia and New Zealand 4.1million speakers. [209] Russia is second only to Brazil by total renewable water resources. In China, Russian has no official status, but it is spoken by the small Russian communities in the northeastern Heilongjiang and the northwestern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The Russian Genitive of Negation and Its Japanese Counterpart. [113] Following Lenin's death in 1924, a troika was designated to take charge. [43] Since then the trend of language policy in Russia has been standardization in both the restricted sense of reducing dialectical barriers between ethnic Russians, and the broader sense of expanding the use of Russian alongside or in favour of other languages that exist within the borders of the Russian Empire, and the later Soviet Union and Russian Federation. [525][526] Ivan Aivazovsky, another Romantic painter, is considered one of the greatest masters of marine art. [544], Until the 18th-century, music in Russia consisted mainly of church music and folk songs and dances. In a statement, the military said the soldiers "went together to Hell" after they were struck by missiles. [467][468] Some religious minorities have faced oppression and some have been banned in the country;[469] notably, in 2017 the Jehovah's Witnesses were outlawed in Russia, facing persecution ever since, after having been declared an "extremist" and "nontraditional" faith. [citation needed], Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. [84] In North America, the Russians became the first Europeans to reach and colonise Alaska. In 1991, the Russian SFSR emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as the independent Russian Federation. In 1703, on the Baltic Sea, Peter founded Saint Petersburg as Russia's new capital. [88] AlexanderI controlled Russia's delegation at the Congress of Vienna, which defined the map of post-Napoleonic Europe. Besides being taught at universities and schools, there were also educational programs on the radio and TV. [432], Since the 1990s, Russia's death rate has exceeded its birth rate, which some analysts have called a demographic crisis. Some examples are: ([vzglat] vzglyad, 'glance'), ([gsdarstf] gosudarstv, 'of the states'), ([stritlstf] stroitelstv, 'of the constructions'). [70], In Tajikistan, Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication under the Constitution of Tajikistan and is permitted in official documentation. [196] Due to the impact, the Russian government has stopped publishing a raft of economic data since April 2022. "[201] The European Commission announced its support for the efforts to create an international criminal tribunal to prosecute Russia's crimes in the same month and permanently seize all assets held by Russia and its oligarchs to compensate Ukraine. [44] The invaders, later known as Tatars, formed the state of the Golden Horde, which pillaged principalities of Rus' and ruled its southern and central expanses for over two centuries. [175] From the time Chechen separatists declared independence in the early 1990s, an intermittent guerrilla war was fought between the rebel groups and Russian forces. O'Brien, New EnglishRussian and RussianEnglish Dictionary (New Orthography), New York, The Language Library 1944, Dover Publications. [22] There are two words in Russian which are commonly translated into English as "Russians" one is "code: rus promoted to code: ru " (russkiyecode: rus promoted to code: ru ), which most often refers to ethnic Russians and the other is "code: rus promoted to code: ru " (rossiyanecode: rus promoted to code: ru ), which refers to citizens of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. [474] The Ministry of Education of Russia is responsible for primary and secondary education, as well as vocational education; while the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia is responsible for science and higher education. [53], In Turkmenistan, Russian lost its status as the official lingua franca in 1996. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the overwhelming majority of Russophones in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews. ", "Russia and Ukraine Fight, But Their People Seek Reconciliation", " ", "The North Caucasus Bilingualism and Language Identity", Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, "Linguistic rights and education in the republics of the Russian Federation: towards unity through uniformity", "Linguistic Diversity In Russia Is A Threat To Sovereignty Or A Condition Of Cohesion? [451][452] According to the Russian Census of 2010, 137.5million across the country spoke Russian, 4.3million spoke Tatar, and 1.1million spoke Ukrainian. [52], According to the 2010 census in Russia, Russian language skills were indicated by 138 million people (99.4% of the respondents), while according to the 2002 census 142.6million people (99.2% of the respondents). [94], The late 19th century saw the rise of various socialist movements in Russia. : . Emergency personnel work at the site where an apartment block was heavily damaged by a Russian missile strike, amid Russia's attack on Ukraine, in Dnipro, Ukraine January 15, 2023. [523] During the reign of Catherine the Great, Saint Petersburg was transformed into an outdoor museum of Neoclassical architecture. For example, ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and ('mouse'), mysh or my'. On the Origin of Onion-Shaped Domes", "To the New Shore: Soviet Architecture's Journey from Classicism to Standardization", "A Superstar Evokes a Superpower; In Diva's Voice, Adoring Fans Hear Echoes of Soviet Days", "Boris Grebenshikov: 'The Bob Dylan of Russia', "DDT: Notes from Russia's Rock Underground", "Musician, Songwriter, Cultural Force: Remembering Russia's Viktor Tsoi", "What Makes the Russian Literature of the 19th Century So Distinctive? Its leading figure was Maxim Gorky, who laid the foundations of this style. [citation needed], In terms of actual grammar, there are three tenses in Russian past, present, and future and each verb has two aspects (perfective and imperfective). Text taken from Frequently Asked Questions on Energy Security, International Energy Agency, the International Energy Agency. Jan 17 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday that the Russian economy was likely to have shrunk by 2.5% in 2022, but that it was performing better than most experts had predicted. [17] However, the proper name[which?] [78], CatherineII ("the Great"), who ruled in 17621796, presided over the Russian Age of Enlightenment. The Russian-imposed governor of Sevastopol, Mikhail Razvozhayev, has posted to Telegram to say that in total the air defences of the Crimean city repulsed 10 drones from Ukraine this morning. [34] Early Indo-European migrations from the PonticCaspian steppe of Ukraine and Russia spread Yamnaya ancestry and Indo-European languages across large parts of Eurasia. [61] During his long reign, Ivan nearly doubled the already large Russian territory by annexing the three Tatar khanates: Kazan and Astrakhan along the Volga,[65] and the Khanate of Sibir in southwestern Siberia. [631] Russian clubs CSKA Moscow and Zenit Saint Petersburg won the UEFA Cup in 2005 and 2008. The name Rus' itself comes from the early medieval Rus' people, who were a group of Norse merchants and warriors who relocated from across the Baltic Sea and founded a state centred on Novgorod that later became Kievan Rus'. [47][105][106][107] In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language was being replaced or used in conjunction with local languages. International rankings of Russia place it low in measurements of human rights and freedom of the press; the country also has high levels of perceived corruption. Smorodinskaya, Tatiana, and Karen Evans-Romaine, eds. [citation needed], Clusters of four consonants are not very common, especially within a morpheme. Russia was the world's fifth-leading destination for international students in 2019, hosting roughly 300 thousand. [312] It impacts various sectors, including the economy,[313] business,[314] public administration,[315] law enforcement,[316] healthcare,[317][318] education,[319] and the military. However, due to the harshness of its environment, about 13.1% of its land is agricultural,[7] and only 7.4% of its land is arable. [225], The size of Russia and the remoteness of many of its areas from the sea result in the dominance of the humid continental climate throughout most of the country, except for the tundra and the extreme southwest. The following table gives their upper case forms, along with IPA values for each letter's typical sound: Older letters of the Russian alphabet include , which merged to (/je/ or /e/); and , which both merged to (/i/); , which merged to (/f/); , which merged to (/u/); , which merged to (/ju/ or /u/); and and , which later were graphically reshaped into and merged phonetically to /ja/ or /a/. [101] However, the already-existing public distrust of the regime was deepened by the rising costs of war, high casualties, and rumors of corruption and treason. [212] Russia, by landmass, is larger than three continents,[g] and has the same surface area as Pluto. [509], Russia has eightpublic, patriotic, and religiousofficial holidays. During the crisis, Yeltsin was backed by Western governments, and over 100 people were killed. [121] The Soviet Union, ultimately, made the costly transformation from a largely agrarian economy to a major industrial powerhouse within a short span of time. . . [407][408], Roscosmos is Russia's national space agency. The current krais are not related to frontiers. . proposes special tribunal to investigate Russian crimes in Ukraine", "The EU wants a court to probe Russian war crime claims. The Russian-imposed governor of Sevastopol, Mikhail Razvozhayev, has posted to Telegram to say that in total the air defences of the Crimean city repulsed 10 drones from Ukraine this morning. [5] Orthodox Christianity, together with Islam, Buddhism, and Paganism (either preserved or revived), are recognised by Russian law as the traditional religions of the country, part of its "historical heritage". [497][498] The Russians have also greatly influenced classical music,[499] ballet,[500] sport,[501] painting,[502] and cinema. [565] By the Age of Enlightenment, literature had grown in importance, with works from Mikhail Lomonosov, Denis Fonvizin, Gavrila Derzhavin, and Nikolay Karamzin. ", Iliev, Iv. [79] In the south, after the successful Russo-Turkish Wars against the Ottoman Empire, Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, by dissolving the Crimean Khanate, and annexing Crimea. ? [61], IvanIII ("the Great") finally threw off the control of the Golden Horde and consolidated the whole of northern Rus' under Moscow's dominion, and was the first Russian ruler to take the title "Grand Duke of all Rus'". [222] Ladoga and Onega in northwestern Russia are two of the largest lakes in Europe. [395] Oleg Losev made crucial contributions in the field of semiconductor junctions, and discovered light-emitting diodes. South Africa is allowing Chinese and Russian warships to conduct naval exercises off its coast next month, raising concerns that the move could alienate trading partners.
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