[144] Back in Babylon, Alexander planned a series of new campaigns, beginning with an invasion of Arabia, but he would not have a chance to realize them, as he died shortly after Hephaestion. [284] Julius Caesar dedicated a Lysippean equestrian bronze statue but replaced Alexander's head with his own, while Octavian visited Alexander's tomb in Alexandria and temporarily changed his seal from a sphinx to Alexander's profile. Alexander was a Peripatetic philosopher and commentator, active in the late second and early third century CE. Even as he watched the city burn, Alexander immediately began to regret his decision. HOME. Gaugamela would be the final and decisive encounter between the two. Alexander, the King of Macedonia and one of the greatest army leaders in the history of warfare, conquers much of the known world. Buy Now. Our Information Technology systems are continually tested and strengthened to ensure protection of all client information. Top 250 Movies Most Popular Movies Top 250 TV Shows Most Popular TV Shows Most Popular Video Games Most Popular Music Videos Most Popular Podcasts. [198], The Alexander Mosaic and contemporary coins portray Alexander with "a straight nose, a slightly protruding jaw, full lips and eyes deep set beneath a strongly pronounced forehead". [197] During his lifetime, Alexander carefully curated his image by commissioning works from famous and great artists of the time. It included: The enormous scale of these plans has led many scholars to doubt their historicity. The Macedonians were demoralized by Philip's death and were subsequently defeated near Magnesia by the Achaemenids under the command of the mercenary Memnon of Rhodes. We are proud to be a store that reflects our interests and those of our community. Sometime after the wedding, Philip is said to have seen himself, in a dream, securing his wife's womb with a seal engraved with a lion's image. [11] Although Philip had seven or eight wives, Olympias was his principal wife for some time, likely because she gave birth to Alexander. By N. G. L. Hammond, F. W. Walbank, G. LE RIDER, Alexandre le Grand: Monnaie, finances et politique, Chapitre V, "Histoire", PUF, 2003, p153-214, REBUFFAT Franoise, La monnaie dans l'Antiquit, Picard, 1996 .p204. For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand war elephants. )", East-West Orientation of Historical Empires, "The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, Pella (Khirbet Fahil) Jordan", "Pausanias, Description of Greece, *korinqiaka/, chapter 1, section 5", "Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, BOOK V. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED., CHAP. Having damaged the enemy's cohesion, Philip ordered his troops to press forward and quickly routed them. NVIDIA products provide our clients with more than just the performance they demand - NVIDIA goes above and beyond with an entire ecosystem of software, drivers, and features such as DLSS, Reflex, NVIDIA Broadcast, and more. He invited the chieftains of the former satrapy of Gandhara (a region presently straddling eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan), to come to him and submit to his authority. BRIANT Pierre, Alexandre Le Grand, "Que sais-je? WebThe story is an epic that is as daring and ambitious as its subject, a relentless conqueror who by the age of 32 had amassed the greatest empire the world had ever seen. [44], In the following year, the Persian satrap (governor) of Caria, Pixodarus, offered his eldest daughter to Alexander's half-brother, Philip Arrhidaeus. 74. HOME. His official historian, Callisthenes of Olynthus, was implicated in the plot, and in the Anabasis of Alexander, Arrian states that Callisthenes and the pages were then tortured on the rack as punishment, and likely died soon after. [308] One well-known fable among Greek seamen involves a solitary mermaid who would grasp a ship's prow during a storm and ask the captain "Is King Alexander alive?" Alexander was the son of King Philip II of Macedonia, a realm north of Greece. Vocabulary. [57] The Macedonians marched into the country of the Triballi, and defeated their army near the Lyginus river[58] (a tributary of the Danube). [266][267], Suda wrote that Alexander built a big temple to Sarapis. Many of these areas remained in Macedonian hands or under Greek influence for the next 200300 years. [66] Alexander left the government of Caria to a member of the Hecatomnid dynasty, Ada, who adopted Alexander. Its meaning is derived from the components alexo (I defend) and aner (man). Top 250 Movies Most Popular Movies Top 250 TV Shows Most Popular TV Shows Most Popular Video Games Most Popular Music Videos Most Popular Podcasts. Starting from Amphipolis, he travelled east into the country of the "Independent Thracians"; and at Mount Haemus, the Macedonian army attacked and defeated the Thracian forces manning the heights. According to Diodorus, Alexander's last plans called for military expansion into the southern and western Mediterranean, monumental constructions, and the intermixing of Eastern and Western populations. [149] Arrian also mentioned this as an alternative, but Plutarch specifically denied this claim. [181], During his final years, and especially after the death of Hephaestion, Alexander began to exhibit signs of megalomania and paranoia. [147] Alexander developed a fever, which worsened until he was unable to speak. Macedon was an Ancient Greek polity. AR Tetradrachm (25mm, 17.15 g, 1h). The Smyrnaeans sent ambassadors to the oracle at Clarus to ask about this, and after the response from the oracle they decided to move to the "new" city. ABOUT US. He developed a life-long love of reading and p. 75. [115], Alexander appears to have introduced a new coinage in Cilicia in Tarsus, after the Battle of Issus in 333 BC, which went on to become the main coinage of the empire. WebFind your Area of Focus. Although his successors explicitly rejected such policies, Hellenization occurred throughout the region, accompanied by a distinct and opposite 'Orientalization' of the successor states. [107] Following Alexander's death, many Greeks who had settled there tried to return to Greece. Some of these alternate spellings include Alejandro, Alessandro, and Alexzander. [167][169] His successor, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, transferred the sarcophagus to Alexandria, where it remained until at least late Antiquity. [312] Alexander was depicted as performing a Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) many times in subsequent Islamic art and literature. [241][242], Alexander also had a close relationship with his friend, general, and bodyguard Hephaestion, the son of a Macedonian noble. The Alexander Romance, in particular, has had a significant impact on portrayals of Alexander in later cultures, from Persian to medieval European to modern Greek. Buy Now. [319], In the Greek Anthology, there are poems referring to Alexander.[320][321]. WebTel: 540-443-9250 Hours: 8:00 4:30 EST M-F Email: support@alexanderarms.com Address: 104 Centre Court, Radford, VA 24141 [166] Natural-cause theories also tend to emphasize that Alexander's health may have been in general decline after years of heavy drinking and severe wounds. [42] He continued to Illyria,[42] where he sought refuge with one or more Illyrian kings, perhaps with Glaukias, and was treated as a guest, despite having defeated them in battle a few years before. WebFind your Area of Focus. [287], The Itinerarium Alexandri is a 4th-century Latin Itinerarium which describes Alexander the Great's campaigns. Later in his childhood, Alexander was tutored by the strict Leonidas, a relative of his mother, and by Lysimachus of Acarnania. [198] Ancient authors recorded that Alexander was so pleased with portraits of himself created by Lysippos that he forbade other sculptors from crafting his image; scholars today, however, find the claim dubious. [279][281][282] The Yavanajataka (lit. [98] Alexander buried Darius's remains next to his Achaemenid predecessors in a regal funeral. Though advised to use diplomacy, Alexander mustered 3,000 Macedonian cavalry and rode south towards Thessaly. [77], Egypt was only one of a large number of territories taken by Alexander from the Persians. Darius fled the battle, causing his army to collapse, and left behind his wife, his two daughters, his mother Sisygambis, and a fabulous treasure. [17], This article is about the ancient king of Macedonia. [202], Both Curtius and Diodorus report a story that when Darius III's mother, Sisygambis, first met Alexander and Hephaestion, she assumed that the latter was Alexander because he was the taller and more handsome of the two.[203]. [183] Diodorus, Curtius and Justin offered the more plausible story that Alexander passed his signet ring to Perdiccas, a bodyguard and leader of the companion cavalry, in front of witnesses, thereby nominating him. WebAlexander PCs is proud to be an official NVIDIA partner. HOME. [159] Veratrum album poisoning can have a prolonged course and it was suggested that if Alexander was poisoned, Veratrum album offers the most plausible cause. [113] Alexander sent back vast sums from his conquest, which stimulated the economy and increased trade across his empire. [147], Given the propensity of the Macedonian aristocracy to assassination,[150] foul play featured in multiple accounts of his death. When "his engineers pointed out to him that because of the height of the mound it would be impossible this encouraged Alexander all the more to make the He then continued south towards the Peloponnese. Constantinople 1453: The End of Byzantium. He continued the tradition of writing close commentaries on Aristotles work established in the first century BCE by [50] Alexander's relationship with his father "forged" the competitive side of his personality; he had a need to outdo his father, illustrated by his reckless behavior in battle. [36][37], When Philip returned to Pella, he fell in love with and married Cleopatra Eurydice in 338 BC,[38] the niece of his general Attalus. Greek astronomical treatise) and Paulisa Siddhanta texts depict the influence of Greek astronomical ideas on Indian astronomy. I HATE ALEXANDER 23 T-SHIRT $35.00. Alexander: Directed by Oliver Stone. With these victories, he secured his northern frontier. Nicolle, David (2000). Eventually, the two sides reconciled, and after the birth of Alexander IV, he and Philip III were appointed joint kings, albeit in name only. WebAlexander Colleges student information system is called MyAC. [13], In his early years, Alexander was raised by a nurse, Lanike, sister of Alexander's future general Cleitus the Black. The name Alexander is also found throughout the New Testament, and there are dozens of Christian saints who bear the name. After that victory he was sent by Alexander in pursuit of Porus, to whom he was charged to offer favourable terms, but narrowly escaped losing his life at the hands of his old enemy. [196] At the decisive encounter with Darius at Gaugamela, Darius equipped his chariots with scythes on the wheels to break up the phalanx and equipped his cavalry with pikes. It is one of a group of disorders, called leukodystrophies, that involve the destruction of myelin. Alexander III 'the Great'. He reportedly read this passage to his patron King Lysimachus, who had been one of Alexander's generals and who quipped, "I wonder where I was at the time. Pompey the Great adopted the epithet "Magnus" and even Alexander's anastole-type haircut, and searched the conquered lands of the east for Alexander's 260-year-old cloak, which he then wore as a sign of greatness. [54] This reply apparently delighted Alexander, who is reported to have said "But verily, if I were not Alexander, I would like to be Diogenes. "[123] A similar slaughter followed at Ora. [85] He sent the bulk of his army to the Persian ceremonial capital of Persepolis via the Persian Royal Road. This system is the primary tool for students, and is used for many of the Colleges administrative functions and services, including: Admissions apply to AC, check your application status. Asian Studies. CITY PARK. WebLeading promotional products manufacturer since 1943. Custom promotional products for any budget. Aristotle taught Alexander and his companions about medicine, philosophy, morals, religion, logic, and art. Myelin is the fatty covering that insulates nerve fibers and promotes the rapid transmission of nerve impulses. He succeeded his father Philip II to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military [269] Aspects of Hellenistic culture were still evident in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire in the mid-15th century.[274]. Alexander followed close behind and captured the strategic hill-fort after four bloody days. This included commissioning sculptures by Lysippos, paintings by Apelles and gem engravings by Pyrgoteles. [102] This created a problem for Alexander as to whether he had to make use of the various segments and people that had given the empire its solidity and unity for a lengthy period of time. [149][181], Perdiccas initially did not claim power, instead suggesting that Roxane's baby would be king, if male; with himself, Craterus, Leonnatus, and Antipater as guardians. GERIN Dominique, GRANDJEAN Catherine, AMANDRY Michel, DE CALLATAY Franois, La monnaie grecque, "L'Antiquit: une histoire", Ellipse, 2001. p117-119. In 336 he sent Parmenion, with Amyntas, Andromenes and Attalus, and an army of 10,000 men into Anatolia to make preparations for an invasion. Web281 James D. Nabors Drive, Alexander City, AL 35010 (256) 329-6700 [40] During the wedding banquet, a drunken Attalus publicly prayed to the gods that the union would produce a legitimate heir. [161], Several natural causes (diseases) have been suggested, including malaria and typhoid fever. [181] According to Diodorus, Alexander's companions asked him on his deathbed to whom he bequeathed his kingdom; his laconic reply was "ti kratisti""to the strongest". This would fit with the intended destination of Alexander's funeral cortege. [187] Furthermore, Perdiccas had read the notebooks containing Alexander's last plans to the Macedonian troops in Babylon, who voted not to carry them out.[62]. WebCity of Alexander, North Dakota 58831. The earliest of these is Diodorus Siculus (1st century BC), followed by Quintus Curtius Rufus (mid-to-late 1st century AD), Arrian (1st to 2nd century AD), the biographer Plutarch (1st to 2nd century AD), and finally Justin, whose work dated as late as the 4th century. [264] An inscription from the temple, now housed in the British Museum, declares: "King Alexander dedicated [this temple] to Athena Polias. [45], In summer 336BC, while at Aegae attending the wedding of his daughter Cleopatra to Olympias's brother, Alexander I of Epirus, Philip was assassinated by the captain of his bodyguards, Pausanias. Alexander personally defeated the Scythians at the Battle of Jaxartes and immediately launched a campaign against Spitamenes, defeating him in the Battle of Gabai. The correct answer is "He is alive and well and rules the world!" Crossing the river at night, he surprised them and forced their army to retreat after the first cavalry skirmish. Fearing the prospect of facing other large armies and exhausted by years of campaigning, Alexander's army mutinied at the Hyphasis River (Beas), refusing to march farther east. [62] Alexander's sacking of Thebes ensured that Greece remained quiet during his absence. CITY PARK. He had his cousin, the former Amyntas IV, executed. Gender: Alexander is frequently used as a boy name. Thus, in Bactria and Sogdiana, Alexander successfully used his javelin throwers and archers to prevent outflanking movements, while massing his cavalry at the center. With Anthony Hopkins, David Bedella, Jessie Kamm, Angelina Jolie. WebAlexander (2004) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. [17] Though outmanoeuvered by Darius's significantly larger army, he marched back to Cilicia, where he defeated Darius at Issus. [275] The process of Hellenization also spurred trade between the east and west. Some of the most pronounced effects of Hellenization can be seen in Afghanistan and India, in the region of the relatively late-rising Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (250125 BC) (in modern Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan) and the Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC 10 AD) in modern Afghanistan and India. Macedonian losses were negligible compared to those of the Persians. [275] On the Silk Road trade routes, Hellenistic culture hybridized with Iranian and Buddhist cultures. All three of these people had motive to have Philip murdered. [259], Over the course of his conquests, Alexander founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most of them east of the Tigris. Diodorus, Plutarch, Arrian and Justin all mentioned the theory that Alexander was poisoned. Alexander himself took selected troops on the direct route to the city. [31], Philip and his army joined his son in 338 BC, and they marched south through Thermopylae, taking it after stubborn resistance from its Theban garrison. WebAlexander Colleges student information system is called MyAC. [111] There was also considerable friction between Antipater and Olympias, and each complained to Alexander about the other. After the death of Spitamenes and his marriage to Roxana (Raoxshna in Old Iranian) to cement relations with his new satrapies, Alexander turned to the Indian subcontinent. [284] Polybius began his Histories by reminding Romans of Alexander's achievements, and thereafter Roman leaders saw him as a role model. [60], While Alexander campaigned north, the Thebans and Athenians rebelled once again. Alexander, the King of Macedonia and one of the greatest army leaders in the history of warfare, conquers much of the known world. [261], The city of Pella, in modern Jordan, was founded by veterans of Alexander's army, and named it after the city of Pella, in Greece, which was the birthplace of Alexander. CITY COUNCIL / PLANNING & ZONING. Alexander became legendary as a classical hero in the mould of Achilles, featuring prominently in the historical and mythical traditions of both Greek and non-Greek cultures. [254] Green suggested that, in the context of the period, Alexander formed quite strong friendships with women, including Ada of Caria, who adopted him, and even Darius's mother Sisygambis, who supposedly died from grief upon hearing of Alexander's death. In addition to speech works, sculptures and paintings, in modern times Alexander is still the subject of musical and cinematic works. Alexanders father, Philip II of Macedon, hired Aristotle, one of historys greatest philosophers,, to educate the 13-year-old prince. [153] His extraordinary achievements, coupled with his own ineffable sense of destiny and the flattery of his companions, may have combined to produce this effect. [99] He claimed that, while dying, Darius had named him as his successor to the Achaemenid throne. Some of the first and most influential figurative portrayals of the Buddha appeared at this time, perhaps modelled on Greek statues of Apollo in the Greco-Buddhist style. Some films that have been shot with the theme of Alexander are: There are also many references to other movies and TV series. [116] However, the lion was also the symbolic animal of the Anatolian god Sandas, worshipped at Tarsus. [258], The eastern borders of Alexander's empire began to collapse even during his lifetime. Alexander has figured in both high and popular culture beginning in his own era to the present day. Trending. Alexander III of Macedon, better known as Alexander the Great (l. 21 July 356 BCE 10 or 11 June 323 BCE, r. 336-323 BCE), was the son of King Philip II of Macedon (r. 359-336 BCE) who became king upon his father's death in 336 BCE and then conquered most of the known world of his day.. Left to fight alone, they were defeated. [23][24][25] Among them were Artabazos II and his daughter Barsine, possible future mistress of Alexander, who resided at the Macedonian court from 352 to 342 BC, as well as Amminapes, future satrap of Alexander, or a Persian nobleman named Sisines. WebAlexander (2004) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. When Alexander was ten years old, a trader from Thessaly brought Philip a horse, which he offered to sell for thirteen talents. [271], The core of the Hellenistic culture promulgated by the conquests was essentially Athenian. He says this was Alexander's only unsuccessful project. For having had all they could do to repulse an enemy who mustered only twenty thousand infantry and two thousand horse, they violently opposed Alexander when he insisted on crossing the river Ganges also, the width of which, as they learned, was thirty-two furlongs [6.4km], its depth one hundred fathoms [180m], while its banks on the further side were covered with multitudes of men-at-arms and horsemen and elephants.
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