A referendum in 1961 sealed the future of British Cameroon: The northern region. n.queue = []; Security. The anchor stands for Stability despite the turbulence. These political changes were viewed by many Anglophone people as an attempt to absorb or do away with all that they brought into the union-including the legal, political and educational systems. Amabazonia since 2016 protests are defended by many separatist groups spearheaded by Ambazonia Defence Forces (ADF), famously known as 'the boys'. In December 2020, Kanu announced the creation of the Eastern Security Network, a pro-Biafra paramilitary wing, which Nigerian authorities have accused of carrying out a spate of attacks this year. In Nigeria, the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) is a secessionist group that advocates for the creation of the independent country of Biafra. The Interim Government of the Federal Republic of Ambazonia represents the People of the Former British Southern Cameroons and their aspirations as declared on 1st of October 2017: To restore their Independence, which was voted for, on 11 February 1961 and endorsed by United Nations General Assembly in Resolution 1608 (XV) of 21 April 1961. Ambazonia is divided in 13 counties [65] and 61 Local Government Areas (LGAs). ecent alliance between the separatist groupsIndigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) in Nigeria, and Cameroon's breakaway state Ambazoniacan trigger instability in the West Africa region, a Foreign Policy report has said.. Last month, IPOB leader Nnamdi Kanu and Cho Ayaba, leader of the Ambazonian Governing Council appeared in a press conference, livestreamed on social media, to announce a . The previous year, Nigerian security forces arrested more than 30 other Anglophone activists. Political exclusion, economic exploitation and cultural assimilation were criticized more and more openly. Similar communal violenceoften following farmer-grazer and ethnic lineshas flared across Mali, Niger, Chad, and Burkina Faso. In 1975, the government removed one of the two stars from the flag, another symbol of the federation between two states, creating a new flag with a single star. Last August, when the United States passed the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), commentators celebrated the fact that the worlds biggest economy would slash its carbon emissions anShow mored provide massive tax credits to programs investing in clean energy. How does industry define morality? [17] How does industry define morality? Golden Star stands for Leadership, unity and prosperity). ar, and how can we apply those lessons to make sure we dont sleepwalk into yet another war? Modern Peanuts of Cameroon: Selling with style. FPs Ravi Agrawal sat down with industry leaders at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, to discuss how businesses can build resilience amid a turbulent geopolitical era. A year after the invasion, Ukraine is riddled with Russian collaborators and sympathizers. The bay which is located in southwestern Cameroon is considered as the boundary between Southern Cameroons and the Republic of Cameroon. At higher altitudes, such as the Oku Massif and Mount Cameroon, there are pockets where the temperatures fall sufficiently to be classified as a warm-summer Mediterranean climate. [25] Both 1999 and 2009 saw symbolic declarations of independence by Ambazonian nationalists, which led to arrests but little concrete action. There are protected areas like the Korup National Park[62] or the Takamanda National Park. The worlds longest-serving autocrat will be feted this week in Washington. Briefing: Cameroon's intensifying conflict and what it means for civilians, "Gorji Dinka Releases Ambazonia Message | CameroonPostline", "Cameroon Head of State's Message to the Nation 2019", "Cameroon Humanitarian Response Plan (March 2021)", "Colonial Administrative Integration of African Territories: Identity and Resistance in Nigeria's Southern Cameroons, 19221961", "United Nations Trusteeship Council. Projects were shelved even after petrol produced enough money for building them and the Limbe sea port. The top of Mount Cameroon has a polar climate of the tundra variant, unique in West Africa and extremely rare so close to the Equator.[64]. [40] Several demonstrations were violently dispersed by security forces, leading to clashes between demonstrators and police in which several people were killed. [37] At a second All Anglophone Conference held in Bamenda the call for the Cameroon government to accept a return to the two state federation was reiterated with some voices explicitly calling for secession. The county-minister appoints members to the County Councils, either from the party or from locals with important skills. [55][56] Peace talks mediated by the Swiss government have fallen apart multiple times, primarily due to factional divisions and lack of actual control over militias by separatist leaders making even preliminary steps difficult. Delivered Wednesday. Symbolism (Green stands for the Fertility of the Land. The latest news, analysis, and data from the country each week. [57], The war has been characterized by guerilla attacks by separatist militias against both security forces and against civilians suspected of collaboration or simply failing to abide militia's declared school and election boycotts or "lockdowns" which prevent all travel and activity. document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function (event) { States are governed by Premiers or State Governors, who are elected by the people, through a plurality vote, during State Elections. FPs Winter 2023 print issue brings together 12 experts to help us answer those questions. For barrister Henry Baaboh, there is no need for a referendum like the ones which were held in Spains Catalan region or the Kurdish territory in Iraq. Ainsi va l'Afrique. In an open letter to U.S. President Joe Biden, published in local media outlets, the Biafran leader Kanu requested that the U.S. government suspend arms sales to Nigeria, citing human rights abuses and Buharis draconian measures to put down peaceful pro-Biafran protests. Brown stands for the soil and fertility and Strength. Yellow/Gold stands for the prosperity. Countries of Africa: . Symbolism (Yellow stands for Prosperity and Justice. Allied naval superiority allowed the swift capture of the Cameroonian coast, cutting the Germans off from reinforcement or resupply. European traders from several nations visited Ambas Bay beginning with the Portuguese in the 1470s. Germany continued to consolidate its control over the coast through agreements with local leaders backed up by military expeditions. Blue stands for Liberty and perseverance). Star stands for Leadership and prosperity. Ambazonia, officially the Federal Republic of Ambazonia, also referred to as Amba Land, is an unrecognised breakaway state in West Africa which claims the Northwest Region and Southwest Region of Cameroon, though it currently controls almost none of the claimed territory. Ambazonia is a country with her own international borders between the Republic of Cameroon, Nigeria and Equatorial Guinea. It is located between Nigeria to the west and north, and Cameroun to the east; it is wedged between West Africa and the former French Equatorial Africa. Addendum document A/4727", "Cameroon's Anglophone Crisis at the Crossroads", "memo of 12th April 1966 of the french ambassador in Cameroon to the french foreign minister", "Gorji-Dinka v. Cameroon, Comm. The biggest city in Eastern Africa is Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, which has a population of approximately 6.5 million people. There is currently only a single permanent embassy, with Nigeria. Jonathan Pershing, formerly the Biden administrations No. Savannah State Counties (demonym; Savannese): Flag of Ngo-Ketundjia.Symbolism (Green stands for the Fertility of the Land. Required fields are marked *. Download the FP mobile app to read anytime, anywhere. Fulani fighters, including some who have crossed the border from Nigeria to Cameroon, have been implicated in some of the conflicts deadliest incidents. } Email: tapangiv@buffalo.edu Telepon: +14083105204 Situs: ambazoniaradio.org In May 1985, he was arrested, imprisoned, and then put under house arrest for three years before escaping first to Nigeria and then to the United Kingdom.[36]. Golden bird stands for the Value, determination and freedom). Growth rate, median age, fertility rate, area, density, population density, urbanization, urban population, share of world population. Explore the benefits included in your subscription. The policy represents a fig leaf, not genuine decentralization, and will not resolve a crisis of Biyas own making. The panelists included Anne Richards, CEO of Fidelity International; Carmine Di Sibio, CEO of Ernst & Young; Mathias Miedreich, CEO of Umicore; and Lubna S. Olayan, chair of the executive committee of Olayan Financing Company. Fruit stands for success (fruits of labour). By Fax: 1-240-556-0535. Cameroon and gave the new name of the country as Republic of Cameroon without r ecognizing the Ambazonia in the term. NEW FOR SUBSCRIBERS: May 20, 2021, 10:56 AM BUEA, CameroonFor the past five years, factions of a secessionist movement in southeastern Nigeria and a pro-independence movement in western Cameroon have been gathering. The golden sun stands for a new era, hope, wealth and prosperity. The States are governed by a State Governor who is elected into office by a Plurality vote. [4], The State Council has the power to impeach the Premier (State Governor), through a Motion of confidence. This adds to the volatility engulfing Cameroon as the country gears up for a presidential election in 2018. [25], On 21 April 1961, UN resolution 1608 (XV) set 1 October 1961 as the date of independence for the Southern Cameroons. The scope of the alliance will include joint operations and training bases, Capo Daniel, the deputy defense chief of the Ambazonia Defense Forces, the military wing of the Ambazonia Governing Council, told Foreign Policy. Boko Haram, the Islamic State West Africa Province, and other violent extremist groups also exploit these ethnic tensions for their own gain. Two unequal former colonies became a single federal state; however, the disparities between the two were not addressed. No country has formally recognized Ambazonia's independence, and it is currently the site of an armed conflict between . Equatorial State Counties (demonym; Equatorian): County Flag of Fako. In 1972, Cameroon held a controversial referendum which changed the form of the state. Violence by both sides undermined negotiations in early 2017, which fell apart without an agreement. Yellow/Gold stands for wealth and justice. It is bordered by Cameroon to the east, Nigeria to the west and Bioko island to the south east on the Gulf of Guinea . Immigration officers walk on a bridge built in 1948 that connects Nigeria with Cameroon at Mfum border station in Cross Rivers State, southeast Nigeria on February 1, 2018. [16], The Federal Republic of Southern Cameroon/Ambazonia is a federation made up of Three Autonomous States, namely Equatorial State, Midland State and Savannah State. [19] Despite calls by Southern Cameroons leaders for full independence as a separation nation, United Nations' resolutions 1350 (XIII) of March 13, 1959 and 1352 (XIV) of October 16, 1959 called for plebiscites in Southern Cameroons and Northern Cameroons with two alternatives for ending the trusteeship: joining Nigeria or joining Cameroon. if (!f._fbq) f._fbq = n; They stretch from the South along the border of Cameroon to the North where they go to the highlands of Bamenda. You may opt out at any time. The people of Northern and Southern Cameroons under the umbrella of the Southern Cameroons Ambazonia Consortium United Front (SCACUF) finally decided to affirm the independence of the English . The Biafran and Ambazonian movements have individually grown increasingly violent in recent months and years. Two of its border regions with Nigeria (northwest and southwest) are Anglophone, while the rest of the country . Many of the problems from the initial draft have been solved. t = b.createElement(e); Ambazonia, officially the Federal Republic of Ambazonia, also referred to as Amba Land, is an unrecognised breakaway state in West Africa which claims the Northwest Region and Southwest Region of Cameroon, though it currently controls almost none of the claimed territory. In April 2014, the kidnapping of nearly 200 Chibok girls from their school gained international attention. Tribal regions exist to preserve Ambazonian culture and Heritage. There are 54 countries in Africa today, according to the United Nations. In early 1916, the last Germans surrendered or withdrew from Cameroon into neutral Spanish Guinea. Olive tree branch stands for Peace and the Hammer stands for Determination of the people). 1134/2002, U.N. Doc. [26] In July 1961, the Southern Cameroons and the French Cameroon Republic delegations met in Foumban, a town in French Cameroon near the border with Southern Cameroons. By late 2017, with dialogue efforts moribund and violence continuing on both sides, the leading Ambazonian nationalist movements organized the umbrella organization Southern Cameroons Ambazonia Consortium United Front (SCACUF). From the east and southeast, it is surrounded by the Indian Ocean . Midterm Elections). The mountains stand for Mount Kupe and Mount Manenguba and the determination to succeed. [30], Flag of Mezam County. Black stands for the People and Culture. [16], The British Cameroons Administration Ordinance, 1924 divided British Cameroons into the Northern Cameroons (administered as part of Northern Nigeria) and the Southern Cameroons (administered as part of Eastern Nigeria). This settlement which was later named Victoria (now Limbe, Cameroon) after the then Queen Victoria. [9] The name was coined by Fon Gorji Dinka in 1984 as part of a campaign for the restoration of autonomy and preservation of Anglophone institutions in the region.[10]. } Symbolism (Black stands for the People and Culture. Across the country, Fulani have been accused of killing thousands of Nigerians amounting to crimes against humanity and genocidal massacres against Christians, according to Gregory Stanton of Genocide Watch. [8], The term "Ambazonia" is derived from the word Ambozes, the local name for the bay at the mouth of the Wouri river, known in English as Ambas Bay. Some speculate that this is the result of a partnership, announced in April, between one of the major Cameroonian secessionist groups, the Ambazonia Governing Council, and the Indigenous People of . Black stands for the People and Culture. [4] As of 2020, some separatist forces began developing state flags to represent their territory. Thos young woman was BUTCHERED like a wild animal. Other major cities in the subregion include Mogadishu in Somalia, and Dar es Salaam in Tanzania. Violence in the regions has since displaced over 700,000 people and resulted in at least 4,000 civilian deaths, according to the United Nations and the International Crisis Group. [44] At least 17 people were killed in protests following the declaration of independence, while fourteen Cameroonian troops were killed in attacks claimed by the Ambazonia Defence Forces. Western Africa Map showing the 16 countries of Western Africa Benin Burkina Faso Cabo Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Red stands for the Strength and courage of the people. Prince Ojong. Join in-depth conversations and interact with foreign-policy experts with. II, at 194 (HRC 2005)", "The All Anglophone Conference (April 23, 1993)", "Cameroon teachers, lawyers strike in battle for English", "Cameroon restores internet to English-speaking region", "A Turn for the Worse: Violence and Human Rights Violations in Anglophone Cameroon", "Southern Cameroons gets new government with Sessekou Ayuk Tabe as Interim President", "Cameroon government 'declares war' on secessionist rebels", "Cameroon's English-speakers call for independence", "Biya declares war on Anglophone separatists The SUN Newspaper, Cameroon", "Cameroon escalates military crackdown on Anglophone separatists", Cameroon's Anglophone crisis: Red Dragons and Tigers the rebels fighting for independence, Just In-Dr Samuel Ikome Sako Is New Acting Interim President of The Federal Republic of Ambazonia, "Just In-Dr Samuel Ikome Sako Is New Acting Interim President of The 'Federal Republic of Ambazonia' Cameroon News Agency", "Cameroon: Separatist leader and followers handed life sentences | DW | 20.08.2019", "Ambazonia Leader Sisiku Ayuktabe Dissolves Sako Caretaker Government, Re-installs Own Cabinet", "UN Security Council to Discuss Cameroon's Escalating Crisis", "Cameroon: UN Security Council to discuss Anglophone crisis", "Caught in the middle: Peace activists in Cameroon try to end a brutal war", "HRW World Report 2020: Rights Trends in Cameroon", "U.S. Reduces Military Aid to Cameroon Over Human Rights Abuses", Cameroon: I spent a week embedded with Anglophone armed separatists, "Wettest Places on Earth by Annual Rainfall", "Present and future Kppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ambazonia&oldid=1134346804, This page was last edited on 18 January 2023, at 06:41. As the Egyptian economy falters, Sisi is turning to the Chinese government for support. Cameroon's anglophone minority has long complained of discrimination at the hands of the French-speaking majority. Red disk stands for the Blood[26] and strength of the people. Akole, a 45-year-old father from Menji in the southwest, says that when the government "realises that you are from the English-speaking part of the country, you don't deserve being alive". [18], In 1957, United Nations Resolutions 1064 (XI) of 26 Feb 1957 and 1207 (XII) of Dec 13, 1957 called on the Administering Authorities to hasten arrangements for Trust territories to attain self-governance or independence. Black fist stands for power and justice). In 1958, the Southern Cameroons attained the status of a full autonomous region of the Nigerian Federation and Endeley's official title accordingly changed to Premier. The full list is shown in the table below, with current population and subregion (based on the United Nations official statistics). A monthly digest of the top articles read by FP subscribers. No. Blue stands for the Meme River and Liberty. From the mid-1980s, the break between the Southern Cameroon elites and the Francophone-dominated central government became increasingly apparent. Whereas I spent all my life fighting to have a deep sea port in Limbe(Victoria) developed, this project had to be shelved and instead an expensive pipeline is to be built from SONARA in Limbe to Douala in order to pipe the oil to Douala. As the violence intensified, international efforts to resolve the crisis picked up. The government claims armed English-speaking separatists who want to create a new nation called Ambazonia have terrorized civilians and attacked government forces, prompting the military to. Lying spear stands for peace rather than war. The Ambazonia Defense Forces see the Biafra-Ambazonia alliance as a critical outlet to end rising Fulani-led attacks. Daniel, the Ambazonian deputy defense chief, acknowledged the potential regional impact of the alliance but said that after almost five years of low-level armed conflict in Cameroon, there was no other choice. Under the Lyttleton Constitution of Nigeria in 1954, Southern Cameroons gained limited autonomy as a Quasi-Region within the Nigerian Federation. Districts are further divided into Sub-Districts (Wards) headed by a Ward councilor who is appointed by a District Officer. A county may secede from a state and become a state or join another state based on a referendum that supports it. Red stands for Blood and strength of the people. The pro-Biafran movement, led by Nigerias minority ethnic Igbo community, has deep historical roots. By Office Phone: (301) 593-4879. White stands for Hope, Peace and wisdom under God. Boris Pistorius, a longtime politician with little foreign policy experience, will host his counterparts later this week to discuss Ukraine. Delivered Monday-Friday. The bay, which is located in southwestern Cameroon, is considered to be the border between southern Cameroon and the Republic of Cameroon. Cameroon's Separatist Movement Is Going International - Foreign Policy Ambazonia Military Forces General John, who says he commands thousands of rebel soldiers in Ambazonia, poses with his. [17], As the Thirteen counties are represented on the national flag (as stars), to represent their importance in the nation and in the fight for the struggle, each county is entitled to its own flag and emblem. Then RusShow moresia invaded Ukraine, and businesses around the world confronted a decision on whether to pull out of the Russian market. Hassan Mounp is a man with big plans for his small peanut-selling business. [34], Flag of Meme. Britain established Ambas Bay Protectorate in [] However, tribal leaders may not partake in federal or state politics as to prevent or calm down or avoid any form of ethnic tension. [49] In practice, pro-independence militias operate largely autonomously from political leaders, who are mostly in exile.[50]. By the time British Southern Cameroons and French Cameroun gained independence in 1961, the French territory was more economically developed than its British counterpart. Dissatisfaction with these agreements led to the brief Douala War in 1884, in which Germany assisted its local allies in winning, essentially cementing its colonial position in Cameroon and by 1887 Britain had abandoned its claims in the region.[13][14]. Welcome to the self-proclaimed Federal Republic of Ambazonia (Southern Cameroons); a virtual country of many sins. Click + to receive email alerts when new stories are published on Ambazonia News would "thank God" for saving Africa from the worst of the pandemic but that too is one of the biggest weaknesses of the African continent! s = b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0]; Observers have previously suggested that the Cameroonian government has rerouted U.S.-origin military equipment and U.S.-trained military personnel from the fight against Boko Haram in Cameroons Far North region to the Anglophone conflict in the Northwest and Southwest regionsand in 2019, the U.S. government reduced military spending to Cameroon over human rights abuses. Military Excesses Its Friday December 14, 2018, and the Mile 17 bus station in Buea, capital of the South West Region, is busy like a beehive. Ambazonia Interim Government, a separatist group in Cameroon, has emphasised that its agitations for a separate country have nothing in common with that of the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB). Biafrans and Anglophone Cameroonians share a common enemy: Fulani herders, a nomadic ethnic group present across West and Central Africa. When the League of Nations mandate system was transmuted into the UN trusteeship system in 1946, this arrangement was again provided for in the Order-in-Council of 2 August 1946 providing for the administration of the Nigeria Protectorate and Cameroons under British mandate. Logically, I would have expected the UN to give them the option of gaining independence and stand on their own, Henry Baaboh said. For the past three weeks, an encampment of activists from Ambazonia, the English-speaking territory also known as Southern Cameroon, has been holding vigil outside the Nigerian Embassy in South . In recent years, the death toll from ethnic and intercommunal violence has reached unprecedented levels, even exceeding that of violent extremism and terrorism in Mali, according to ACLED. African news. Nigerian authorities have used lethal force against peaceful pro-Biafra protesters, which has left at least 150 civilians dead, according to Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International. Symbolism (White stands for Purity, innocence, peace. German explorer Gustav Nachtigal signed key treaties with several prominent kings. Delivered Wednesday. Delivered Monday-Saturday. FRA/1231/22 THE PRESIDENT'S END OF YEAR ADDRESS TO THE NATION, (31 December 2022) Golden Star stands for Leadership).[32]. The region was later ceded to Germany in 1887. The South Cameroons delegation lacked much leverage as the interests of the UN and colonial powers were to expedite the unification rather than guarantee the autonomy of Southern Cameroons. Many believe that it is only a return to the country's two-state federation that will end the conflict and break the impasse. Bird stands for Freedom, vision and wisdom. Youre on the list! Ambazonia, officially the Federal Republic of Ambazonia is a secessionist state of Cameroon, self-proclamed in its English-speaking regions. [52] However, despite receiving a life sentence on terrorism charges from a Cameroon court,[53] on 2 May 2019, Ayuk Tabe declared from prison the dissolution of Sako's caretaker cabinet and the restoration of his own cabinet. White stands for Hope and peace. Nigeria has also aided the Cameroonian government in attempts to suppress the Anglophone uprising. Africa Institute of South Africa . Meanwhile, Cameroonian security forces have funneled weapons to the Mbororo communities that have gone on to attack English-speaking farmers, a CHRDA report notes. Watch FPs Ravi Agrawal in conversation with two of the contributors to the magazines cover story, Anne-Marie Slaughter and retired Gen. David Petraeus, as they reflect on whats surprised themand how to prevent future wars. Rooster stands for Courage, leadership and protection.[28]. Cameroons Anglophone Crisis: How to Get to Talks?
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