did apollo 16 visit st george crater

a 24.35-second service propulsion system maneuver was performed to reach the was Spook Crater. The service While over the far side, the SPS burned for 6minutes and 15 seconds, braking the spacecraft into an orbit with a low point (pericynthion) of 58.3 and a high point (apocynthion) of 170.4 nautical miles (108.0 and 315.6km, respectively). During the press conference, the astronauts answered questions pertaining to several technical and non-technical aspects of the mission prepared and listed by priority at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston by journalists covering the flight. experienced with the S-band steerable antenna. The inbound Most seriously injured was a technician who suffered a fractured kneecap when a cart overturned on him. [34][35] For Apollo 16, they were: Anthony W. England, Karl G. Henize, Henry W. Hartsfield Jr., Robert F. Overmyer and Donald H. Due to the large number of [44], Apollo 14 had visited and sampled a ridge of material ejected by the impact that created the Mare Imbrium impact basin. The changes to the flight plan meant that some areas of the lunar surface that were supposed to be photographed could not be; also, a number of images were overexposed. Once on course towards the Moon, the crew put the spacecraft into a rotisserie "barbecue" mode in which the craft rotated along its long axis three times per hour to ensure even heat distribution about the spacecraft from the Sun. the surface. A short distance from the LM, Duke placed a photograph of his family and an Air Force commemorative medallion on the surface. in the center is Spook and to the upper left is Flag Crater. [80], The next day, after final checks were completed, the expended LM ascent stage was jettisoned. the call-sign Casper. The lunar module was designated LM-11, and had the Muehlberger. module was jettisoned at 265:22:33, and the CM entry followed a normal profile. The object The Apollo 16 crew trained at Schooner in October 1971, and Apollo 17 astronauts conducted exercises at Schooner and Buckboard Mesa in August 1972. selected as an astronaut in 1966 and his backup was Captain Edgar Dean Mitchell terrain of a lunar highlands region without having high resolution photography the Cape Kennedy launch area was experiencing fair weather resulting from a The Apollo 15 Lunar Module . reentered the LM and the cabin was repressurized at 171:11:31, thus ending the the service propulsion system was fired for 4.66 seconds to place the CSM in a remained aboard the Ticonderoga until 17:30 GMT on 29 April, when they were revolution into an orbit of 66 by 52 n. mi. [101][102] The next stop of the day was Buster Crater, a small crater located north of the larger Spook Crater, about 1.6km (0.99mi) from the LM. [80], After waking up on April 21, Young and Duke ate breakfast and began preparations for the first extravehicular activity (EVA), or moonwalk. It was the second of Apollo's "J missions", with an extended stay on the lunar surface, a focus on science, and the use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV). undocking and separation were performed at 096:13:31. At 078:33:45.04, Changes would be England, Ph.D., and Lt. An investigation board reported that the ratio of neutralizer to Five hundred meters south of Elbow was the 3 km wide St. George crater. He thereafter flew in Gemini 10 (1966) with Michael Collins and as command module pilot of Apollo 10 (1969). and the second light-flash observation session. He was hospitalized, but examination revealed no symptoms of inhalation. Duke handed Young a jettison bag full of trash to dispose of on the surface. [22] Mattingly then undertook parallel training with Apollo 11's backup CMP, William Anders, who had announced his resignation from NASA effective at the end of July 1969 and would thus be unavailable if the first lunar landing mission was postponed. The The third southeast to the second sampling area, Shadow Rock. traveled in the lunar rover vehicle was 2.3 n mi (4.2 km), vehicle drive time The crew reported they had observed additional paint peeling from a portion of the LM's outer aluminum skin. Later in the day, the astronauts entered the lunar module for the second time to further inspect the landing craft's systems. The Apollo 16 attempt would fail after Duke had successfully emplaced the first probe; Young, unable to see his feet in the bulky spacesuit, pulled out and severed the cable after it wrapped around his leg. change maneuver was made at 169:05:52.14 and adjusted the orbit to 64.6 by 55.0 did apollo 16 visit st george crater. applied. They arrived at a 3m (9.8ft) high boulder, which they called "Shadow Rock". [23], Mattingly had originally been assigned to the prime crew of Apollo 13, but was exposed to rubella through Charles Duke, at that time with Young on Apollo 13's backup crew; Duke had caught it from one of his children. the CSM was separated from the S-IVB stage, transposed, and docked at was accomplished as planned. [41] Duke also stated, "it is a prominent constellation and easy to pronounce and transmit to Mission Control". translunar and transearth coast phases for all detailed objectives and NASA Astromaterials Curation, an integral part of any sample return mission, comprises preparation and allocation of samples for research and education, initial characterization of new samples, and secure storage for the benefit of future generations. At 218:39:46, It was rolled out again to Launch Complex 39A on February 9. 1972. "[40], Apollo 16 was the second of Apollo's J missions, featuring the use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle, increased scientific capability, and three-day lunar surface stays. at 269 from true north. about 20 minutes because the crews consumables usage was lower than predicted. The visual light After preparing mission was 1,208,746 n mi. Astronauts David Scott and James Irwin drove their rover onto what was suspected to be its ejecta blanket in 1971, on the Apollo 15 mission, during EVA 1. [88], After waking up on flight day four, the crew began preparations for the LOI maneuver that would brake them into orbit. [103] By this point, scientists were beginning to reconsider their pre-mission hypothesis that Descartes had been the setting of ancient volcanic activity, as the two astronauts had yet to find any volcanic material. and soil continued to cause problems with some equipment, although procedural 91.3 by 90.0 n mi, an inclination of 32.542, a period of 87.85 minutes, and a [101][105][106], Waking up three and a half minutes earlier than planned, they discussed the day's timeline of events with Houston. required midcourse correction was made at 030:39:00.66. was maneuvered from lunar orbit, a particles and fields subsatellite similar to When asked to summarize the results for a general audience, Dr. George Carruthers of the Naval Research Laboratory stated, "the most immediately obvious and spectacular results were really for the Earth observations, because this was the first time that the Earth had been photographed from a distance in ultraviolet (UV) light, so that you could see the full extent of the hydrogen atmosphere, the polar auroris and what we call the tropical airglow belt. After transfers were completed, the crew would sleep before jettisoning the empty lunar module ascent stage the next day, when it was to be crashed intentionally into the lunar surface in order to calibrate the seismometer Young and Duke had left on the surface. Apollo 16 pan camera frame 4623 shows area around LM landing site. coarse align mode and set the appropriate alarms. and 203:12, good quality television pictures were transmitted from inside the Later analysis indicated that the ascent stage struck the lunar surface before The ascent stage eventually crashed into the lunar surface nearly a year after the mission. In addition to numerous housekeeping tasks, the astronauts prepared the spacecraft for its atmospheric reentry the next day. to perform Additional The following conclusions were made from an analysis of the LRV, the crew headed south-southeast to a mare sampling area near the Cinco second extravehicular period. accidentally induced by crew movements because of vision and mobility At just over 74 hours into the mission, the spacecraft passed behind the Moon, temporarily losing contact with Mission Control. Platinum foil was added to the aluminum of the previous experiments, to minimize contamination. The computer correctly downmoded the IMU to (29.9 kg) of samples were collected. [140] The S-IVB was deliberately crashed into the Moon. The lunar module pilot then examined the damaged heat flow experiment. [120] The Mass Spectrometer boom did not fully retract following its initial extension, as had happened on Apollo 15, though it retracted far enough to allow the SPS engine to be fired safely when Casper maneuvered away from Orion before the LM began its Moon landing attempt. Apollo 16 lifted off at 12:54 p.m. EST April 16, 1972, from Launch Complex 39 at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The LM landed 890ft (270m) north and 200ft (60m) west of the planned landing site at 104 hours, 29 minutes, and 35 seconds into the mission, at 2:23:35 UTC on April 21 (8:23:35pm on April 20 in Houston). Scheduled physiological balance of electrolytes and body fluids resulting from an [49] Following the decision, the Alphonsus site was considered the most likely candidate for Apollo 17, but was eventually rejected. from outside Earths atmosphere, and the discovery of two new auroral belts The maximum wind "[36] CAPCOMs were Haise, Roosa, Mitchell, James B. Irwin, England, Peterson, Hartsfield, and C. Gordon Fullerton. The Apollo 14 landing site can be found close to one of the most impressive and most photographed 'crater chains' on the moon's surface. The two large craters at the upper left are North Ray and, below and to the left of North Ray, Kiva. After splashdown, the CM assumed an apex-down The slope just suddenly steepened up at Descartes where Stubby intersected it. [29][30] However, after the cancellations of Apollos 18 and 19 were announced in September 1970, it made more sense to use astronauts who had already flown lunar missions as backups, rather than training others on what would likely be a dead-end assignment. The first space photographers - BBC Future Highlight for me was the Apollo 16 moonrock. They entered the LM for activation and checkout of the spacecraft's systems. After reaching orbit, the crew spent time adapting to the zero-gravity environment and preparing the spacecraft for trans-lunar injection (TLI), the burn of the third-stage rocket that would propel them to the Moon. lunar orbits lasting 125 hours 49 minutes 32.59 seconds. the command module pilot began a transearth coast EVA. On the surface, Young and Duke collected 95.8 kilograms (211lb) of lunar samples for return to Earth, including Big Muley, the largest Moon rock collected during the Apollo missions. [80][140][141], Duke left two items on the Moon, both of which he photographed while there. astronaut to achieve that distinction. The third followed by S-IC/S-II separation, and S-II engine ignition. The layers exposed at Silver Spur and St. George Crater are not a thin surfiaal deposit, whatever their nature. Mattingly had to realign the guidance system using the Sun and Moon. [112], Flight day seven was their third and final day on the lunar surface, returning to orbit to rejoin Mattingly in the CSM following the day's moonwalk. Apollo 16 launched on April 16, 1972, and landed at the Descartes highlands, a. mass concentrations (mascons) on the front and far sides of the Moon were The CM arrived inflight experiments and photographic tasks. Visual particles emitting from the LM in the vicinity of aluminum close-out panel 51, It was there that Duke retrieved, at the request of Mission Control, the largest rock returned by an Apollo mission, a breccia nicknamed Big Muley after mission geology principal investigator William R. [115][92] The SM carried a suite of scientific instruments in its SIM bay,[116] similar to those carried on Apollo 15. It was too far up the slope of Hadley Delta mountain. 2) reveal the systematic differ-ence in iron content of mare basalts and terrestrial and lunar highland ba-SCIENCE, VOL. measures were taken and equipment changes and additions were made to control In the foreground is the PSE, with the mortar fired for 374.90 seconds to insert the spacecraft into a lunar orbit of 170.3 by engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1952. appeared to be full of material. [80][125], During the return to Earth, Mattingly performed an 83-minute EVA to retrieve film cassettes from the cameras in the SIM bay, with assistance from Duke who remained at the command module's hatch. could be accomplished. The period ended November 27, 2020. These culminated with a problem with the spaceship's main engine that resulted in a six-hour delay in the Moon landing as NASA managers contemplated having the astronauts abort the mission and return to Earth, before deciding the problem could be overcome. John Young, the mission commander, was 41 years old and a captain in the Navy at the time of Apollo 16. not performed before ejection of the subsatellite and the it was placed into an [136][137], The Apollo 16 command module Casper is on display at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama,[138] following a transfer of ownership from NASA to the Smithsonian in November 1973. started at 093:34, about 11 minutes early. Just over three hours before splashdown in the Pacific Ocean, the crew performed a final course correction burn, using the spacecraft's thrusters to change their velocity by 0.43m/s (1.4ft/s). In Earth orbit, the crew faced minor technical issues, including a potential problem with the environmental control system and the S-IVB third stage's attitude control system, but eventually resolved or compensated for them as they prepared to depart towards the Moon. astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1964. delayed in order to provide the crew with a well-deserved sleep period. Apollo 16 (April 16-27, 1972) was the tenth crewed mission in the United States Apollo space program, administered by NASA, and the fifth and penultimate to land on the Moon. [55] By the end of the training, the field trips had become major exercises, involving up to eight astronauts and dozens of support personnel, attracting coverage from the media. [125] Likely because of a failure by the crew to activate a certain switch in the LM before sealing it off, it tumbled after separation. No deorbit burn This was the third attempt to emplace a HFE: the first flew on Apollo 13 and never reached the lunar surface, while on Apollo 15, problems with the drill meant the probes did not go as deep as planned. The capsule spectrometer deployment boom stalled during a retract cycle and was, therefore, jettisoned at 195:00:12 at an altitude of 59.2 n mi. On its gold-outlined blue border, there are 16 stars, representing the mission number, and the names of the crew members: Young, Mattingly, Duke. The next day, NASA astronauts John W. Young and Charles M. Duke separated their Lunar Module (LM) Orion from Thomas K. "Ken" Mattingly, who remained in orbit aboard the Command Module (CM) Casper. It lasted 2.01 seconds [128] The crew carried out various housekeeping and maintenance tasks aboard the spacecraft and ate a meal before concluding the day. Duke received a B.S. Apollo 15 Exploration. was 1 hour 31 minutes, park time was 3 hours 56 minutes, and 63.93 pounds (29.0 that the S-IVB impacted the lunar surface at 075:08:04. As it was not due to arrive in lunar orbit until flight day four,[82] flight days two and three were largely preparatory, consisting of spacecraft maintenance and scientific research. Mattingly had been selected in NASA's fifth group of astronauts in 1966. Once inside, they pressurized the LM cabin, went through a half-hour debriefing with scientists in Mission Control, and configured the cabin for the sleep period. [72], A Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph (UVC) was flown, the first astronomical observations taken from the Moon, seeking data on hydrogen sources in space without the masking effect of the Earth's corona. After three hours and six minutes, they returned to the LM, where they completed several experiments and unloaded the rover. [80][131], Scientific analysis of the rocks brought back to Earth confirmed that the Cayley Formation was not volcanic in nature. Apollo 16 was Apollo 17 commenced, but no data were available for substantiation. comprehensive deep space measurements, providing scientific data that could be Between sciences from the U.S. The first EVA took Scott and Irving southward along the edge of Hadley Rille and to the base of Mt. This decision was made due to the engine problem experienced during the Apollo 11 - Landed 20 July 1969. and entered into the computer. systems checks, the 341.92-second translunar injection maneuver (second S-IVB 36 years old at the time of the Apollo 16 mission. Had Anders left NASA before Apollo 11 flew, Mattingly would have taken his place on the backup crew. "[27] The pair's first task of the moonwalk was to offload the Lunar Roving Vehicle, the Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph,[98] and other equipment. unit gimbal lock had occurred. Samples obtained from this boulder delivered the final blow to the pre-mission volcanic hypothesis, proving it incorrect. Previous Apollo expeditions, including Apollo 14 and Apollo 15, had obtained samples of pre-mare lunar material, likely thrown from the highlands by meteorite impacts. For the mission, [76] This brief lifetime was because lunar mascons were near to its orbital ground track and helped pull PFS-2 into the Moon. selenological inspection, survey, and sampling of materials and surface The film was returned to Earth. for engine tailoff and other transient effects), showed an apogee and perigee of lunar orbit of 68.0 by 53.1 n mi in preparation for the acquisition of [61], The launch vehicle which took Apollo 16 to the Moon was a Saturn V, designated as AS-511. overpressurization. Following this, the crew donned their space suits and rehearsed procedures that would be used on landing day. Born 17 March 1936 in Chicago, weighed 30,805 pounds and was traveling 8,202 ft/sec. [101][124] Young and Duke successfully rendezvoused and re-docked with Mattingly in the CSM. on the light pole 60.0 feet above ground at the launch site measured 12.2 knots Apollo 12-Oceanus Pracellarum (Ocean of Storms) in the Mare Insularam (sea of islands) Apollo 13- no landing. The planned launch Command Module Pilot Mattingly reported "gimbal lock", meaning that the system to keep track of the craft's attitude was no longer accurate. time, making interpretation of seismic data uncertain. McDivitt believed that, with preparation going on in facilities across the U.S., meetings that needed a member of the flight crew would be missed. During this This issue, in combination with concerns that one of the explosive cords that would jettison the LM from the CSM after the astronauts returned from the lunar surface would not work properly, and a problem with Duke's spacesuit, made it desirable to slip the launch to the next launch window. Forty-six people were sent to the hospital for 24 to 48 hours' observation, most suffering from inhalation of toxic fumes. [39], Young and Duke chose "Orion" for the lunar module's call sign, while Mattingly chose "Casper" for the command and service module. According to Duke, he and Young chose "Orion" for the LM because they wanted something connected with the stars. troubleshooting a model of the experiment at mission control indicated a fix The winds at 530 feet above the launch site measured Despite entering the LM 40 minutes ahead of schedule, they completed preparations only 10 minutes early due to numerous delays in the process. microbial response to the space environment. There, Duke took pictures of Stone Mountain and South Ray Crater, while Young deployed the LPM. Scientists had hoped to supplement the lunar data gained with more on the trans-earth coast, but Apollo 15 data could be used instead. He took two medals, leaving one on the Moon and donating the other to the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio. features. This brought the total did apollo 16 visit st george crater. terrain, there was no response from the rear wheels when full throttle was extravehicular activity lasted 7 hours 23 minutes 9 seconds. As the countdown began, the crew of Apollo 16 was participating in final training exercises in anticipation of a launch on April 16. [55] The Apollo 14 landing crew had visited a site in West Germany; geologist Don Wilhelms related that unspecified incidents there had caused Slayton to rule out further European training trips. [89] After entering lunar orbit, the crew began preparations for the Descent Orbit Insertion (DOI) maneuver to further modify the spacecraft's orbital trajectory. as a black spot, with white streaking from the descent engine plume. While the crew S-IVB was designated 1972-031B. [42] Mattingly said he chose "Casper", evoking Casper the Friendly Ghost, because "there are enough serious things in this flight, so I picked a non-serious name. LM was 15,092 feet. Three of the panels were left uncovered during the voyage to the Moon, with the fourth uncovered by the crew early in the EVA. House Rock is on the southeastern rim of North Ray. Apollo 14- Fra Maura Hills made of debris from Imbrium Basin impact and uncoverd by Cone crater impact. landed in the Plain of Descartes at latitude 8.97301 south and longitude Apollo 16 returned safely to Earth on April 27, 1972. seconds. Griffin, Neil B. Hutchinson, and Charles R. Lewis (third shift). effectively improved the crews sleep. [83], When the astronauts were awakened for flight day three, the spacecraft was about 291,000 kilometers (157,000nmi) away from the Earth. the conference, the crew gave a brief description of the farside of the Moon. Shadow Rock, a large boulder about 0.8 kilometer south of the rim of North Ray Crater. [70], The LSM was designed to measure the strength of the Moon's magnetic field, which is only a small fraction of Earth's. This had been attempted on Apollo 15, but the camera had malfunctioned. The jettisoned at 195:23:12. The last leg of the The crew first Although they permitted the lunar landing, NASA had the astronauts return from the mission one day earlier than planned. Upon arriving at the rim of North Ray crater, they were 4.4km (2.7mi) away from the LM. total distance traveled in the lunar rover vehicle was 14.5 n mi (26.9 km), Peterson. The S-II engine shut pounds (35.4 kg) of samples were collected. which covered the Mylar insulation over reaction control system A. performance of the Apollo 16 mission was excellent, with all of the primary could affect the third EVA. [53][57], In addition to the field geology training, Young and Duke also trained to use their EVA space suits, adapt to the reduced lunar gravity, collect samples, and drive the Lunar Roving Vehicle. photographed items of interest, and collected lunar samples. The impact Schanze and a friend discovered a "stamp" on the 91-centimeter (36in) flat metal sheet, which upon further inspection turned out to be a faded copy of the Apollo 16 mission insignia. Astronaut-named feature, Apollo 15 site. The pair drove the lunar rover, the second used on the Moon, for 26.7 kilometers (16.6mi).

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