You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part or whole. Because many family members will be becoming jobless since the land is not enough to engage them as full-time farmers. Feed shortage was the primary constraint in both areas. It caused severe loss of fertile soil and disturbs the sustainability of land resources due to the low supply of organic matter (Gashaw et al., 2014; Taddese, 2001). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Ethiopia is home to a large number of people living below the international poverty line, and although the economy is diversifying, farming is still the main source of income for many people. For instance, foreign investment in Ethiopia . Soil erosion is an endogenous factor that happened during heavy rainfall and wind. Globally, about 3.2 billion people are affected by land degradation (https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation)(Figures 2 and 3). Consequently, the countrys minimum temperature has increased by 0.37C to 0.4C per decade (Astawsegn, 2014). However, just five percent of land is irrigated and crop yields from small farms are below regional averages. The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). Generally the adverse consequences of global changes have the most significant effects on the poorest and most vulnerable, who historically have had limited entitlements and opportunities for growth. Why poverty? But this situation is exacerbated by man-made factors like deforestation, cultivation, or plowed vertical along a downslope direction that increases runoff and soil erosion (Bishaw, 2001). Your email address will not be published. Variations and fluctuations in rainfall and temperature compromise, among others, the productive performances of the agricultural sector and make rural households at risk. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The problems related to basic infrastructures like roads, hydroelectric generation plants, irrigation tools, and other farm equipment availability in the country and limitation of foreign currencies for importation also limited the attractiveness of the agricultural sector to private investors (Diriba, 2020). To make a sustainable intensification of crop and animal production, conserving water resources, adoption of ecosystem-based approaches, such as conservation agriculture, applying environmentally safe agricultural inputs, keeping soil healthy, and use of improved genetic material and nutrient management are required to boost Ethiopian agriculture. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. However, Ethiopias current fruit, vegetable, and animal production for export are very limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of quality. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The country has also ample opportunity in. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. Table 10. A research report on land tenure and agricultural development in Ethiopia. 1. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. Effects of climate variability on development of wheat rust diseases (Puccinia spp.) Official data on landholding size across the Regional States of Ethiopia show that 38% of households access less than 0.5hectares of land, 23.65% access between 0.51 and 1.0hectares, 24% between 1 and 2ha, and 14% have more than 2hectares of land (Diriba, 2020) (Tables 1 and 2). What ways affect agricultural development in Ethiopia? It is almost unbelievable that policymakers, scholars, and practitioners of the most advanced technologies failed to anticipate the problems of food security and agricultural development before they unfolded in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020). But increased input alone does not increase the food supply and staple crop yields, and thus farm income declines as population density increases. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Therefore, raising production levels and reducing their variability are essential aspects of improving food security in . The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Mart. Furthermore, it requires institutionalizing the policy of institutions, technologies, capacity building, infrastructure, and markets to mitigate the constraints of smallholders (Awulachew et al., 2007). This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. It is located in the Horn of Africa, bordering six (6) countries: Djibouti and Somalia to the East, Eritrea to the North and Northeast, Kenya to the South and Sudan and South Sudan to the West. Leaving crop residue in the farmland and adding organic matter is used for improving soil fertility and maximize the water-holding capacity of the soil (Pisante et al., 2012). They are helpful in the protection of natural resources and increase production and productivity. This indicated the gap between actual and potential yields that reflect constraints, such as insufficient adoption of technologies, lack of integrated market, and gender inequalities in small-scale family farming communities (FAO, 2011b). This influenced the levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets. Economical irrigation potential by river basin of Ethiopia. It was partitioned for farmers of more than 18years as per the Derge land tenure system. Ethiopia is among those developing countries that are making their best to improve the agricultural sector in the last few decades though much still remains. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. However, traditional agriculture is inefficient to feed these populations unless further modifications are implemented in the policy of the country. ), Tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) (Duressa, 2018) are the most important in Ethiopia when they occur. They are also not motivated in the utilization of the innovated or new agricultural technologies like improved seeds and modern agricultural tools. As FAO (2010) report indicated, the soil erosion hazard, aluminum toxicity, soil shallowness, and hydromorphone are constraining 1316% of the global arable land areas. Land degradation impact index (GLADIS). Two of the most. Furthermore, it resulted in unsustainable land-use practices. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Political instability, weaknesses of successive strategic development policies and shortage of financial assistance in the country is the root cause of the problem. Encouraging the participation of investors in the agricultural sector would improve their income and opportunities of society in rural areas and reduce the root causes of migration and poverty in the future. The global soil organic carbon nets primary production is reduced at least by 5% due to the loss of natural ecosystem functions, which is estimated at an economic value of between 6.3 USD-$10.6 trillion per year (or 1017% of global GDP) (UNCCD, 2019). Machinery including computers: US$1.7 billion (11.4% of total imports) The adverse impact of climate variability varies. Therefore, improving the implementation of extension service in agronomic practices, afforestation, protection of livestock and crop plants, accessing financial support, and accessing time-based markets can improve the livelihood of the community (UNCTAD, 2017). Whereas the temperature increased by 1.3C from 1960 to 2006 (Asaminew & Diriba, 2015). What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? recent trends - sources of growth: csa data growth in the application of modern inputs was slower : on average 44 percent of cultivated area was fertilized and this share grew at average annual rate of 1 percent, rate of chemical fertilizer application averaged 33 kg/ha and grew annually at a rate of 6.8 percent, application of improved seed Ethiopia has varies potentials regarding to aggro-ecological zones. Rural aging has major implications on the rural labor force in patterns of agricultural production, land tenure, the social organization within communities, and socioeconomic development (FAO, 2017). In contrast to this finding, Knippenberg et al. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute). Shallot, garlic, potatoes and chillies are mainly produced under . These strategies are required to be adopted by smallholder farmers. Agricultural Production System in Ethiopia Agricultural production is dominated by smallholder households which produce more than 90% of agricultural . The aim of the current study was to assess the major animal health problems and their impact on beef cattle production in Doba district of West Harerghe Zone, Ethiopia. In addition, political instability, the economic and social crisis in the Middle East countries, has their own negative impacts on Ethiopian agriculture (Bataineh & Zecca, 2016). The integrated approach requires re-introducing biological complexity like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and the presence of trees. Most of the Ethiopian water flows to the Western direction (69.83%), following to Eastern (33.34%) as indicated in Table 11. AQUASTAT - FAOs global information system on water and agriculture, FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). Annual minimum temperature variability by AEZs (19792013). Cultivating effective. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. The lowlands are vulnerable to increased temperatures and prolonged droughts, while the highlands suffered from more intense and irregular rainfall. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. This is the root of all agricultural problems in the country. The effects of climate change (e.g., frequent occurrence of extreme weather . Not only will there be more mouths to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and . World Journal of Agricultural sciences 6(4):412-418. It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, 2014; FAO, 2017). The present study showed that the . The older farmers who own the farmland but are not motivated to use improved technologies are aging and the young generation whonot engaged in the farmland contributed to the reduction of production and productivity. In 2019, Ethiopia's major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). It represents about 22% of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and woodlands. In fact, the soil erosion caused by rainfall is severe on the topography of the land that has a slope of more than 16%. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. Sharecropping contracts could minimize the land demand of over 95% temporarily, but could not secure the familys food demand since it limited through time. Want to see the full answer? Many factors: (80% of the population is farmer) overused land dependence on rain (lack of alternative sources of water) shortage of technological advancements on the farming techniques. These are the combined constraints that reduce the soil mass, productivity, health, soil quality, and fertility (Woreka, 2004). However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. EEA/EEPRI. But this has been used for fuel as the forest trees diminished. Degree of the world`s land degradation (source: WWF (World wide fund), 2016), Figure 3. Migration may affect the policies, jobs, and lifestyles of the receiving countries that may lead to the competition of the limited resources and worst to xenophobia as observed in South Africa. Nov. 13, 2009. Hence, integration of all the concerned bodies including market channels, and reviewing the poor and weakest strategic development may partly solve the productivity and agricultural production problems. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Advertisement. (2020) reported that in Ethiopia, land fragmentation resulted in food insecurity and increased the amount of time spent moving from one parcel to another that lowered agricultural output and reduced productivity. Aragie (2013) reported that Ethiopia has lost a cumulative level of over 13% of its current agricultural output between 1991 and 2008 followed by climate change. It also did not indicate methods of curbing environmental degradation that could result from the lease of the natural resources to private investment be it agriculture or mining. Furthermore, feeding the population in the near future in developing countries like Ethiopia is expected to increase production and productivity. The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article. crop productions and animal rearing) took place. What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? Lack of sustained and intergenerational commitments to transform the legal or constitutional system for millennia made the country liable. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Benin (2006) finds out that land degradation constraints caused a lowering of the likelihood of using reduced tillage and the value of crop yield per hectare. Shekuru et al. Its rate has increased with increasing of Ethiopians, overgrazes, deforestations, utilizes of dung, and crop residues for fuel and other uses. Farmland fragmentation in Ethiopia. Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, 2020). Generally, the landless farmers become at risk in Ethiopia at this moment than the previous feudal systems or before the Derge regime. The above-raised problems contributed a picture of increased degradation of existing arable land, as well as difficulties with making new arable land in the future. (. It is also estimated that over 1.5 billion tons of soil per year are lost by erosion and flooding which could have added about 1.5 million tons of grains to the Ethiopian products (Lebeda et al., 2010). Only 2% of smallholder land is irrigated and as little as 3.7% have access to agricultural machinery. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. This report indicated that India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Egypt, and the United States of America in descending order of population increment. Globally, it was forecasted that in the coming decades, the world is likely to be not only more populous and urban but also demographically older (FAO, 2017). This will demand an additional billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to be produced annually (FAO, 2017). Notably, the variability is higher between July and September. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. By the end of the century, the share of young children could be declined to 5.8%, while the proportion of older people may rise to 22.7% (UNDESA, 2015). Fragmentation of farmland affects the smallholder communities highly to produce in a sustainable manner following an inadequate policy that used to respond with the available endogenous technological changes and population growth (Headey et al., 2014). UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification). For instance, waterlogging is highly problematic in Vertisols of the highlands while salinity is in lowland areas of the country (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). fLACK OF DEFINITE AGRICULTURE LAND USE POLICY At regional level it is on the will of the farmer to grow In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. These situations have resulted in the losses of resources, the rising tide of hunger and poverty. Nevertheless, arable land is an indispensable resource for Ethiopians to secure food and food self-sufficiency. 4. Furthermore, low quality of education in terms of poor physical facilities, lack of well-trained teachers, and shortage of learning materials, exacerbate the problems of the educational system. But there is a critical lack of comprehensive study on the extent of landlessness, its effects, and coping mechanisms in the country (Adugna, 2019). ATA (Agricultural Transformation Agency). In Ethiopia, the land is allocated to farmers by the state. Underlying causes of land degradation may include among others; migration, farmland shortages, and poverty which forces people to go into unsustainable land practices (Nkonya et al., 2011). 36 likes 22,568 views. Coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, political turmoil, and degradation of natural resources are among the current problems facing the country. The key agricultural problems worldwide are price volatility in agricultural markets, food insecurity, undernourishment, shortage of land and water resources used in agricultural activities. Current challenges facing the global food system. Hitherto the most of the existing literature on Ethiopian agricultural development has focused on resource degradation as the root cause of constraints to sustainable production and productivity (Headey et al., 2014). Which flower will blooms once in 12 years? This is because the land rent becomes unavailable and the government police are also inefficient on this side. This report also indicated that the Ethiopian government planned the development of small-scale irrigation to 1.7 million ha between 2015 and 2020. 3 What is constraints of Ethiopian agriculture? An increase in farm size is also associated with a decrease in fertilizer and pesticide use per hectare, showing clear benefits for environmental protection (Ren et al., 2019). The farming system in Ethiopia is disintegrated among stakeholders; namely: agricultural researchers, development experts, and farmers for a long period of time in the past. The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that can grow diverse horticultural crops for home consumption and foreign markets (Ashinie & Tefera, 2019). The already small size farmland of a family is further fragmented into very small pieces of land when the children inherited since it divided among themselves. The persistent decline in the size of farmland also represents formidable challenges for mechanized farming and obtaining long-term capital investment (Diriba, 2020). Therefore, emphasizing agriculture in Ethiopia requires the political as well as the economic commitment of all parties concerned. It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. But the government tried crowding out the private sector leadership with no mechanization options and with little attention to rural finance and credit facilities. It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. It reduces yield, flora, fauna, and soil productivity and affects the hydrological balances negatively. See answer. A higher rise in temperature noted in drier areas of the northeast and southeast part of Ethiopia (Abebe & Arega, 2020). Land use and household holding by region, 19971998, Table 2. Ethiopia is a preferred destination for many investors and tourists because of the unique climatic conditions it possesses. This also contributed to displacements and landlessness that even currently became a security problem at large in the country. The vast majorities of smallholder farmers of Ethiopia living in perpetually substandard conditions, relying on traditional systems, undercapitalized; farm on fragmented land, depleted soil fertility with high competition of pests, and low investment in agricultural inputs (chemical fertilizer, improved seeds, and pesticides) (ATA, 2014). What is constraints of Ethiopian agriculture? Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy, and the agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farming systems. Let's start with the most obvious one. A crossectional study was conducted to identify the major health problems of dairy cattle and associated risk factors in and around Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia. Arthropod pests such as locust (Schistocerca gregaria), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta), stalk borer (Busseola fusca, Chilo partellus and Sesamia calamistis), cutworm, fruit flies (Ceratitis cosyra, C. fasciventris, C. rosa, C. anonae, and C. capitata, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. invadens), termites (Macrotermes, Odontotermes, Microtermites, etc), weevils [(Sitophilus spp. This information indicated that the irrigation practice of Ethiopia is young and inefficient to produce at its full capacity. Overcoming these challenges is not an easy task. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Working together to achieve food security is becoming a requirement in the current era. Overcoming these challenges requires a greater commitment of the governments, nongovernment, and other international organizations to assurance the peoples basic needs and inspire the citizens to commercialize agriculture through improving infrastructures, provision of incentives, and export the agricultural commodities. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. Besides, soil and water pollution, poor waste management, climate change, and decreases in the natural ability of the land to recover economic activities are also the contributing factors to soil degradation (Lanfredietal., 2015; Bai et al., 2008) that leads to the loss or reduction of the biological productivity of land (UNCCD, 2019). They farm on very small plots of fragmented land and often are used unsuitable primitive techniques that are not effective for their agro-ecological zones (Lebeda et al., 2010). This is true in the case of Ethiopia, where the youngsters are more motivated to buy and use the innovated and improved agricultural technologies than older generations even in recent times. Bureaucracy and ill management is another (may be the second biggest) top problem the country is facing. 7 How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? However, Ethiopia is almost rainfall-dependent as there are no practices of water harvesting technology (Ayalew, 2018). THE MAJOR AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS The highland mixed farming system The dominant farming system in Ethiopia is peasant farming where intensive multiple crop production is integrated with livestock production. The countryhas a huge labor force and water resources. Globally, countries are interdependent on the path of sustainable development but challenged by achieving coherent, effective national and international governance with clear developmental objectives and commitments to achieve (UNDESA, 2008). One of the keys will be changing the way agriculture is financed and incentivized. on What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? The major factors are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, rising temperature levels, possibly leading to more drought and floods. Governments are expected to enact socio-economic plans, such as reducing rural fertility rates (Prtner et al., 2012), and developing secondary cities and towns. MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources). People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soil's physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. Globally, the total degraded land area was estimated from a range of fewer than one billion hectares to over six billion hectares with the variation of its spatial distribution (Gibbs & Salmon, 2015) (Figures 2 and 3). Agriculture (70% of employment, but 40% of GDP) is not very productive and is sensitive to weather conditions and changes in world commodity prices. Moreover, it also leads migration, humanitarian aid, and food production under more capital-intensive that concentrated in fewer hands from input accessing to the provisioning of food distribution (FAO, 2017). It accounts for about 33% of the land area (FAO , 2015). FAO (2016) indicated that in Ethiopia the water flows along the Nile Basin, Rift valley, Shebelli-Juba, and the Northeast coast has the potential to irrigate about 5.7 million ha., but at present, about 2.7 million ha is utilized. About 80% of Ethiopia's people work in agriculture. Although it has a positive effect on the increment utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties. Deforestation 4. (2010). This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy.
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