magnetically driven micro and nanorobots

eCollection 2023 Jun. Manipulation and navigation of micro and nanoswimmers in different fluid environments can be achieved by chemicals, external . Diagrammatic summary of this review including (but not 2017 American Chemical Society. (2020). By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. field and its oil-removal ability. Highly Efficient Freestyle Magnetic Nanoswimmer. Magnetic stimulation of micro/nanorobots for 2019, The Authors, under exclusive license to Springer Nature Limited. Chen XZ, Jang B, Ahmed D, Hu C, De Marco C, Hoop M, Mushtaq F, Nelson BJ, Pan S. Adv Mater. to the motion of MagRobots. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives for the development of magnetically powered miniaturized motors are discussed. 8600 Rockville Pike However, these magnets are not biocompatible and must be shielded from the body to avoid inflammatory reactions by means of biocompatible enclosures with Parylene (Evans and McDonald, 1995; Prodromakis et al., 2009). (A) Cross-sectional magnetic, Representative pollutant removal by active, Representative pollutant removal by active MagRobots. an island of, Representative pollutant removal by active MagRobots. For improved detection of these obstacles, surgeon and control algorithms would require 3-dimensional visual feedback using biplanar fluoroscopic imaging during electrode guiding and placement, or in combination with other imaging techniques, such as pre-operative MRI and trajectory modeling (Jonathan and Groen, 2005; Hong et al., 2015, 2019; Hu et al., 2018). Recent strides in micro and nanofabrication technologies have enabled researchers to design and develop micro and nanoscale robotic systems with enhanced power, functionality, and versatility. its end-effector and a robotic arm. 2020, 120, 1117511193. Copyright Many researchers have selected magnetic fields as the active external actuation source based on the advantageous features of this actuation strategy such as remote and spatiotemporal control, fuel-free, high degree of reconfigurability, programmability, recyclability, and versatility. helical micromotors. A flexible beam or a sheet can be magnetically actuated when it is fixed to a magnetic head [80,81]. navigated thermoresponsive microgripper and immunofluorescence images Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 American Chemical Society. PMC Reproduced with permission Effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation in chronic spinal pain: a systematic review. Method 2: MagRobots prepared No. vesicles to the modified surface. Swaney P. J., Burgner J., Gilbert H. B., Webster R. J. @article{6381a5d9200445a7a315ac8ddb10a5bb. (C) Movement of Au/Ag/Ni surface Manipulation and navigation of micro and nanoswimmers in different fluid environments can be achieved by chemicals, external fields, or even motile cells. Magnetically actuated micro/nanorobots have attracted considerable research interests and have been developed rapidly in recent years because of their advantages, such as untouched control, insensitivity to biological substances, and precise positioning [23-26].Under the dominance of the magnetic fields, many investigators employed the micro/nanomachines assembled by DNA origami frameworks . Biomedical Applications of Multiferroic Nanoparticles, Advanced Magnetic Materials, Is spinal cord stimulation safe? 3D-printed soft magnetoelectric microswimmers for delivery and differentiation of neuron-like cells. This article reviews the various swimming methods with particular focus on helical propulsion inspired by E. coli bacteria, and the frequency-dependent behavior of helical microrobots is discussed and preliminary experimental results are presented showing the decoupling of an individual agent within a group of three microrOBots. an effective movement. Tabrz, East Azerbaijan, Iran. In micro- and nanorobotic applications, magnetoelectric devices are mostly made from magnetoelectric composites that exhibit coupling between ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity (Spaldin and Fiebig, 2005; Wang et al., 2010) and consist of a structural combination of magnetostrictive and piezoelectric materials (Figure 2D) (Wang et al., 2010). The lead implantation can be done either by laminectomy (open surgery) or via a less invasive (percutaneous) technique, which allows for the placement of smaller electrodes. Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. Chemical Society. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. of hairbots by sectioning a bundle of hair by ultramicrotome and then Actuation mechanisms of flagella-inspired MagRobots (i.e., corkscrew-like motion and traveling-wave locomotion/ciliary stroke motion) and surface walkers (i.e., surface-assisted motion), applications of magnetic fields in other propulsion approaches, and magnetic stimulation of micro/nanorobots beyond motion are provided followed by fabrication techniques for (quasi-)spherical, helical, flexible, wire-like, and biohybrid MagRobots. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives for the development of magnetically powered miniaturized motors are discussed.". When the adipose tissue is fibrotic, the catheter will simply evade and be re-directed due to tissue forces, and action from the surgeon or navigation system must be taken to redirect the catheter to the desired path (Figure 2C). Alternatively, a simple variable stiffness catheter design can be based on current technology, where the stiffness of the stimulation lead is controlled by the degree of insertion of the guidewire (Schulder, 2003). Copyright 2020 The Authors. a single cell by peanut-like hematite microrobots. (A) Motion of AuAgNiAgNiAgAu multilink nanowires with, Propulsion mechanisms for surface walkers., Propulsion mechanisms for surface walkers. Micro- or nanorobots are small-scale devices designed to perform minimally-invasive interventions and are powered by external power sources (Colberg et al., 2014; Zeeshan et al., 2014; Rao et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2017a; Soto et al., 2021). The present review is dedicated to novel. A pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could assist in plotting a pre-defined trajectory for the MNS. The site is secure. 2016 The Authors. PMC legacy view Rolling microswarms along acoustic virtual walls. Miniaturization of these robotic platforms has led to numerous applications that leverages precision medicine. Wireless micro- and nanorobots are biomedical devices with a potential use in high-precision minimally invasive therapies. SK and JH wrote the manuscript. Association for the Advancement of Science. Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society. (A) Rotation of bacterial (C) Permanent magnet Tolerance to SCS usually develops after 1 year in around 1029% of patients and often requires repeat surgery with alteration of the tip location (Taccola et al., 2020). -, Yan X.; Zhou Q.; Yu J.; Xu T.; Deng Y.; Tang T.; Feng Q.; Bian L.; Zhang Y.; Ferreira A.; et al. Reproduced Yue K., Guduru R., Hong J., Liang P., Nair M., Khizroev S. (2012). In recent years, there has been explosive growth in the number of investigations devoted to the development and study of biomimetic micro- and nanorobots. Amata vela Specificit modello pos semplificato editabile Auroch urlare Perceptual. motion in a high Reynolds number fluid and reciprocal motion in a Recent developments in magnetically driven micro- and nanorobots. Reproduced with permission from ref (321). 121 4999-5041 . coils. Chemical Society. Bio-Inspired Micro- and Nanorobotics Driven by Magnetic Field. Published: March 31, 2021. All rights reserved.". After initial lead placement, the clinical effect of SCS is tested. Nanorobots are defined here as micro-entities operating under feedback control and relying on parts of less than around 100 nm used to implement new embedded functionalities. experimental image (inset) of rolled-up magnetic microdrillers with Copyright Using external magnetic fields, micro- and nanorobots can be propelled with magnetic gradient forces or magnetic torque through rotating fields (Pawashe et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2018). Incidence of clinically significant percutaneous spinal cord stimulator lead migration. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Manipulation and navigation of micro and nanoswimmers in different fluid environments can be achieved by chemicals, external fields, or even motile cells. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Worked on a navel micro-pump, magnetically driven micro-pump, based on the Flex Printed Circuit Board (FPCB) technique for drug delivery applications. An official website of the United States government. Reproduced with permission Actuation mechanisms of flagella-inspired MagRobots (i.e., corkscrew-like motion and traveling-wave locomotion/ciliary stroke motion) and surface walkers (i.e., surface-assisted motion), applications of magnetic fields in other propulsion . from ref (293). Copyright (B) Fabrication procedure of pH-sensitive soft MagRobot. Drag forces, that are often a limiting cause for targeted micro- and nanorobot delivery, may not need to be considered in the epidural space, as little flow is present. (A) Synthesis process of, Representative examples of biohybrid MagRobots, Representative examples of biohybrid MagRobots fabricated by four methods. 3D path planning for flexible needle steering in neurosurgery. 2022 Dec 9;24:1-19. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.12.002. The challenges from an engineering point of view in positioning and aligning a magnetic stimulation lead are different from the challenges that surgeons face when they must accurately guide and position a flexible magnetic needle. The emergence of external field-driven medical micro/nanorobots has offered an excellent platform for accurately and efficiently delivering . Many researchers have selected magnetic fields as the active external actuation source based on the advantageous features of this actuation strategy such as remote and spatiotemporal control, fuel-free, high degree of reconfigurability, programmability, recyclability, and versatility. (A) Directional motion of walnut-like magnetic micromotor, (A) Helical nanorobots as mobile viscometers. Adapted with permission from Boston Scientific. (2020). hard-magnetic CoPt nanowire and soft-magnetic CoNi nanowire. Powered by Pure, Scopus & Elsevier Fingerprint Engine 2023 Elsevier B.V. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. Copyright 2019 The Authors, Most chemically powered micro-/nanorobots are based on the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) (Sanchez et al. Reproduced Targeted neurotechnology restores walking in humans with spinal cord injury. and magnetic navigation of microrobots to penetrate a cell and remove For the minimal-invasive percutaneous trial, SCS placement is usually done when the patient is awake in order to receive patient feedback in response to stimulation when determining the optimal lead location. Medical micro/nanorobots in precision medicine, Materials science. CAS20403, the Research Sustainability of Major RGC Funding Schemes, and the Direct Grant from CUHK, as well as support from the Multiscale Medical Robotics Center (MRC), InnoHK, at the Hong Kong Science Park. of (quasi-)spherical MagRobots. Reproduced with permission from ref (269). Steerable catheters in cardiology: classifying steerability and assessing future challenges. 2. These concepts are discussed to describe the interactions between micro/nanorobots and magnetic fields. Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Marcus Hoop. They have been successfully applied in endovascular cardiovascular interventions (Ali et al., 2016). Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. (H) MiniMag electromagnetic Volume. Gutfleisch O., Willard M. A., Brck E., Chen C. H., Sankar S. G., Liu J. P. (2011). catheter; (b) retrieval of microrobots with the assistance of a magnetic Advances in medical robots promise to improve modern medicine and the quality of life. Attribution 4.0 International License. MNS can reduce radiation exposure of healthcare workers (Yuan et al., 2017) as the procedure can be performed remotely, i.e., the surgeon is located outside the surgical suite behind a radiation barrier (Figure 2A). of nanorobots. Intelligente Systeme / Inst. When the lead has been successfully navigated to the target location, surgeons can proceed as usual and connect an IPG manually. 2020 Elsevier Ltd. (C) Higher removal efficiency of heavy metals by All rights reserved. This technology can be applied to SCS leads to permit flexibility for the surgeon during lead placement. Micro/nanorobots are classified as magnetically driven, chemically driven, ultrasound-driven, light-driven, or electrically driven, depending on the power source used. Zhou H 1, Mayorga-Martinez CC 1, Pan S 2, Zhang L 3, Pumera M 1. Careers. from ref (173). Multiferroic magnetoelectric composites: historical perspective, status, and future directions. (D) Traveling-wave motion of a A critical factor that requires further investigation lies in the permanent attachment of the micro- and nanorobots on the dura mater through chemical modification with targeting ligands (Figure 2F), peptides or antibodies to avoid migration from stimulation site (Cheng et al., 2015; Tietjen et al., 2018; Scheepers et al., 2020) and offer regular neurostimulation for the patient. In a brain model intended to simulate deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus, electrode positioning with a precision of 1.161.29 mm was achieved with MNS (Hong et al., 2021). (A). with permission from ref (222). The use of MNS allows correction of the trajectory in real time during advancement of the electrode and offers the surgeon a yet unidentified degree of flexibility to adjust the surgical probe to follow the desired trajectory. Reproduced -, Li T.; Li J.; Morozov K. I.; Wu Z.; Xu T.; Rozen I.; Leshansky A. M.; Li L.; Wang J. Copyright some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for Smart dental materials for antimicrobial applications. mechanisms for surface walkers. hematite peanut-shaped microrobots among rolling mode under a, Representative examples Both effects can be combined in a magnetoelectric composite material: A magnetostrictive core is deformed when in presence of a magnetic field. (E) 2017 IEEE. and Chesnitskiy AV, Gayduk AE, Seleznev VA, Prinz VY. Taccola G., Barber S., Horner P. J., Bazo H. A. C., Sayenko D. (2020). active MagRobots. The percutaneous lead placement technique necessitates fluoroscopic guidance during needle insertion and lead placement phases. Martel S., Mohammadi M., Felfoul O., Lu Z., and Pouponneau P., " Flagellated magnetotactic bacteria as controlled MRI-trackable propulsion and steering systems for medical nanorobots operating in the human microvasculature," The International journal of robotics research, vol. 10.1002/adfm.201502248. from ref (64). . Grider J. S., Manchikanti L., Carayannopoulos A., Sharma M. L., Balog C. C., Harned M. E., et al.. (2016). Magnetically driven piezoelectric soft microswimmers for neuron-like cell delivery and neuronal differentiation. Download Download PDF. Rajabi A. H., Jaffe M., Arinzeh T. L. (2015). steps of acid-stable enzyme-functionalized MagRobots by GLAD. Applications of MagRobots in targeted drug/gene delivery, cell manipulation, minimally invasive surgery, biopsy, biofilm disruption/eradication, imaging-guided delivery/therapy/surgery, pollution removal for environmental remediation, and (bio)sensing are also reviewed. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives for the development of magnetically powered miniaturized motors are discussed. 771565). This review introduces fundamental concepts and advantages of magnetic micro/nanorobots (termed here as "MagRobots") as well as basic knowledge of magnetic fields and magnetic materials, setups for magnetic manipulation, magnetic field configurations, and symmetry-breaking strategies for effective movement. Copyright 2018 American Magnetically Driven Micro and Nanorobots. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an established treatment for refractory pain syndromes and has recently been applied to improve locomotion. HelmholtzMaxwell coil and a rotational HelmholtzMaxwell microswimmer for active labeling. These concepts are discussed to describe the interactions between micro/nanorobots and magnetic fields. Magnetically actuated micro/nanorobots are typical micro- and nanoscale artificial devices with favorable attributes of quick response, remote and contactless control, harmless human-machine interaction and high economic efficiency. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/0000444 financed by the EFRR). Hence, buckling and alignment of the tip are major problems that have to be considered, and methods need to be developed to steer the magnetic SCS lead precisely despite unpredictable anatomical obstacles. Publishers Limited. National Library of Medicine Reproduced with permission (C) Ciliary stroke motion of artificial micromotors. Nan C. W., Bichurin M. I., Dong S., Viehland D., Srinivasan G. (2008). Learn more Recent developments in magnetically driven micro- and nanorobots. Theorem). S4 is reproduced with permission from ref (142). 2022 Jan 18;33(15). Peyer K. E., Zhang L., Nelson B. J. (2015). Cortical mapping in conventional and high dose spinal cord stimulation: an exploratory power spectrum and functional connectivity analysis with electroencephalography. from ref (325). Representative examples of biohybrid MagRobots Magnetic needle guidance for neurosurgery: initial design and proof of concept, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). /. Dead cells are highlighted by white circles. MagRobots for minimally invasive surgery. Schematic illustrations (B) Pollen-based microsubmarines for government site. Complications of epidural spinal stimulation: lessons from the past and alternatives for the future. Reproduced with permission from ref (186). (B) Fabrication of biodegradable helical MagRobots Chen X. 1Department of Neurosurgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Henan University School of Medicine, Zhengzhou, China, 2Multi-Scale Robotics Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 3Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 4Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany, 5Department of Neurosurgery, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, 6Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States, 7Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. In this review, four types of propulsionmagnetically, acoustically, chemically/optically and hybrid drivenand their corresponding features have been outlined and categorized. (E) Penetration of. 10.1021/acsnano.9b04960. Copyright (A) Magnetic guidance of biohybrid microbot into Chautems C., Tonazzini A., Floreano D., Nelson B. J. walker under a transversal rotating field with different frequencies They can inherit the parental biological properties, onboard actuation, and sensing capabilities [ 21 ]. acknowledges the support from the project Advanced Functional Nanorobots (Reg. Microrobots for minimally invasive medicine, Modeling and experimental characterization of an untethered magnetic micro-robot. (D) Operation principle of magnetostrictive, piezoelectric and magnetoelectric composite core-shell materials. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives for the development of magnetically powered miniaturized motors are discussed. physics of the magnetoelectrically triggered drug (i.e., AZTTP) release Magnetically Driven Micro and Nanorobots. For the latter, in our experience, manual control of the lead can be challenging, especially in presence of scar tissue, and may be associated with prolonged operating room (OR) time, patient discomfort, increased cost, and potential complications. Applications of MagRobots in targeted drug/gene delivery, cell manipulation, minimally invasive surgery, biopsy, biofilm disruption/eradication, imaging-guided delivery/therapy/surgery, pollution removal for environmental remediation, and (bio)sensing are also reviewed. nanorobot, spinal cord stimulation, magnetic steering, neurorobotics, microrobot. note = "Funding Information: M.P. Micro- and nanorobots have the advantages of small size, low weight, large thrust-to-weight ratio, high flexibility, and high sensitivity. MH and AB edited the manuscript. Reproduced with permission from ref (210). 2017, 17, 50925098. Applications of MagRobots in targeted drug/gene delivery, cell manipulation, minimally . (F) Origami-like Reproduced with Even with the lowest reported incidence of 2% (Gazelka et al., 2015), when considering the high volume of SCS procedures worldwide, this percentage still corresponds to a considerably high number of patients. hyperthermia, thermophoresis, Copyright acknowledges support from the ERC-2017-CoG HINBOTS Grant No. Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Reproduced with permission from ref (348). Piezoelectric materials for tissue regeneration: a review. This may be necessary if the lead migrates or the analgesic benefit is lost, in suboptimal postoperative coverage with the evolution of the pain syndrome to new body regions, or for testing new stimulation waveforms over time, e.g., conventional stimulation vs. burst stimulation vs. new algorithms such as Differential Target MultiplexedTM SCS (Vallejo et al., 2020). Magnetically Driven Micro and Nanorobots. Many researchers have selected magnetic fields as the active external actuation source based on the advantageous features of this actuation strategy such as remote and spatiotemporal control, fuel-free, high degree of reconfigurability, programmability, recyclability, and versatility. eCollection 2021 Apr. 8600 Rockville Pike B., Le Goff-Mignardot C. G., Demesmaeker R., Komi S., Capogrosso M., et al.. (2018). Publisher Copyright: Copyright 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Zeeshan M. A., Grisch R., Pellicer E., Sivaraman K. M., Peyer K. E., Sort J., et al.. (2014). Different designs such as helical . LLC 2013. / Nelson, Bradley J. (F) Fabrication of helical microrobots with hollow structures with A.i . the Advancement of Science. JLFS/E-402/18, the ITF Projects under Projects MRP/036/18X and ITS/374/18FP funded by the HKSAR Innovation and Technology Commission (ITC), the Hong Kong Croucher Foundation project under Ref. from ref (3). (C) Sperm-based MagRobots capable of delivering would like to thank the financial support from the Hong Kong Research Grants Council (RGC) under Project No. and magnetic actuation. with permission from ref (216). Since neuronal stimulation in the brain has already been demonstrated (Yue et al., 2012; McGlynn et al., 2020; Singer et al., 2020; Kozielski et al., 2021), this can serve as an intriguing technology for SCS. While 30 mm radii have been precisely followed in the brain (Petruska et al., 2016), the steering radius of the tip in SCS is closer to 15 mm, which has to be tested in in vivo environments. Manipulation and navigation of micro and nanoswimmers in different fluid environments can be achieved by chemicals, external fields, or even motile cells. Copyright (C) Preparation process of platelet-membrane-cloaked (A) Schematic of a thermoresponsive 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim. the assistance of coiled flow template. Chemical Society. (A) in response to temperature. Copyright / Zhou, Huaijuan; Mayorga-Martinez, Carmen C.; Pan, Salvador et al. Robotics and Intelligent Systems. Montoya C, Roldan L, Yu M, Valliani S, Ta C, Yang M, Orrego S. Bioact Mater. microswimmers by laser ablation. Reproduced with permission from ref (160). Duliska-Litewka J., azarczyk A., Haubiec P., Szafraski O., Karnas K., Karewicz A. from ref (315). (B) Multiple locomotion modes Reproduced with permission from ref (266). Soto F., Wang J., Ahmed R., Demirci U. (F) MagRobots as motile 3D scaffolds 28, pp. (E) Alignment of magnetic moment of microrobots with an external magnetic field. (A) Reproduced with permission Copyright thermophoresis. -. methods. An initial trial stage assesses stimulation efficacy, followed by implantation of an IPG in patients for whom stimulation is effective during the trial. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons A review of its complications, Buckling test as a new approach to testing flexural rigidities of angiographic catheters. cholesterol plaque in the blood artery via the magnetic hyperthermia (C) Forces contributing to trajectory deflection. 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. of magnetic nanowires by TAED and some examples. Reproduced with permission from ref (39). Starting from a two-dimensional theory of magneto-elasticity for fiber-reinforced magnetic elastomers we carry out a rigorous dimension reduction to d Recent progress on magnetically driven micro- and nanorobots is delivered. Rotation of the external magnetic field will result in a rolling motion of the microrobot on the dura mater. In contrast to navigating a probe through cortical tissue, the spinal epidural space is a relatively empty cavity with connective adipose tissue and blood vessels (Newell, 1999; Grady et al., 2000). Reproduced with permission from ref (158). (D) Rotating permanent magnet system consists of a magnet, Journal Papers after Trypan Blue staining. Robot. 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Chemical Society. with plasmid DNA. Many researchers have selected magnetic fields as the active external actuation . official website and that any information you provide is encrypted ), or their login data. (2013). (A) Schematic image and experimental image (inset) of, MagRobots for biopsy. (H) RGB-cloaked bacterium, (I) microalgae, or (J) sperm. Although a few biocompatible magnetostrictive and piezoelectric materials exist (Wang et al., 2010; Rajabi et al., 2015; Ribeiro et al., 2018), the compatibility of these materials in the spinal epidural space or subarachnoid space needs to be investigated in future research as literature suggests that different tissue types show different cellular responses (Duliska-Litewka et al., 2019). Limited. under an oscillating magnetic field. For magnetically driven micro/nanorobots, MRI is an efficient tool to track the position of MagRobots both in vitro and in vivo. The achievements of manufacturing micro- and nanorobots by incorporating different magnetic nanoparticles, such as diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic materials, are discussed in detail, highlighting the importance of a rational use of magnetic materials. Micro- and nanoscale robots that can effectively convert diverse energy sources into movement and force represent a rapidly emerging and fascinating robotics research area. CAS20403, the Research Sustainability of Major RGC Funding Schemes, and the Direct Grant from CUHK, as well as support from the Multiscale Medical Robotics Center (MRC), InnoHK, at the Hong Kong Science Park. Reproduced with permission from Close. A bioinspired magnetically powered microswimmer is designed and experimentally demonstrated by mimicking the morphology of annelid worms, displaying efficient propulsion under an oscillating magnetic field and able to transport microparticles toward a predefined destination. In some cases, a repeat surgery to adjust the electrode lead(s) is needed to determine ideal lead placement. -, Li J.; Esteban-Fernndez de vila B.; Gao W.; Zhang L.; Wang J. Micro/Nanorobots for Biomedicine: Delivery, Surgery, Sensing, and Detoxification. This short review intends to address recent progress on magnetically driven micro- and nanorobots developed in our laboratory and by other research groups.

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