What happens if your container expects a certain kernel module to be loaded and running? The term "software testability" has two related but different meanings: on the one hand, it refers to the ease with which a given test coverage criterion can be satisfied; on the other hand, it is defined as the likelihood, possibly measured statistically, that a set of test cases will expose a failure if the software is faulty. You also need Compatibility and Supportability. Portability A set of attributes that bear on the ability of software to be transferred from one environment to another. Containers do not offer compatibility guarantees; only virtualization can do that. Devices Compatibility Requirements are functional requirements? When a hypervisor is used on a physical computer or server (also known as bare metal server) in a data center, it allows the physical computer to separate its operating system and applications from its hardware. Zhmurko Systems Integrator Portability you can move the image where you want. Supportability: It helps in maintaining the testability, extendibility and correctability. Smaller portable devices use processors with different and incompatible instruction sets, such as ARM. Portability - you can move the image where you want. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); DockerCon 2017: Austin: The Cube Interview, Why Portability is Not the Same Thing as Compatibility. Tons of technical people are out there showing demos of interoperability that doesnt explain the whole story, and in fact leads people down a really bad path. They dont understand the Unix design principles. Compatibility - they are designed and engineered to work together (See: Engineering compatibility with the Red Hat Universal Base Image). To demonstrate the limits, let's try and execute this Windows Nano container image on a RHEL 8 container host: The first thing youll notice is that the image fails to run. This page was last edited on 12 December 2022, at 23:50. Others may feel that a significant amount of restructuring at the source level is still consistent with portability. This means you can share infrastructure like registry servers between cloud providers or on-premise. At Red Hat, Scott McCarty is Senior Principal Product Manager for RHEL Server, arguably the largest open source software business in the world. True/False, Network Compatibility Requirements are Non-functional requirements? View users in your organization, and edit their account information, preferences, and permissions. There is still some discussion over the definitions of the four terms: Integration, Interoperability, Compatibility and Portability. What is Software Compatibility Testing? Hardware- and software-specific information is often stored in configuration files in specified locations (e.g. Compatibility - the container images and hosts are designed and engineered to work together (See: Engineering compatibility with the Red Hat Universal Base Image ). Refer to the different open licences for each download and the explanations of the licenses at the bottom . There are many hardware and software platforms; it is not only the Windows world. ! Thats true, it does work most of the time, but I would like to highlight some questions I have ran into over the last 4-ish years, working with docker, and talking to literally thousands of people about the problems they see: Well, do you have an answer for each of the above questions? Software can be custom built or custom build. This is about investing in testing, security, performance, and architecture as well as ensuring that images and binaries are built in a way that they run correctly on a given set of Container Hosts. Processor selection for an embedded system. C, The first thing youll notice is that the image fails to run. List two differences between buffer and a register. Now, lets try and execute that Windows Nano image on Fedora: Notice that this image wont run because the image config is not compatible, even though the image layers are portable and cached locally. i) Identify the most appropriate type of test that he could test. A thorough examination of the differences between products will ensure you're getting exactly what you needno more, no less. the second one can be directly run on any platform. Please choose your preferred way. That means x86_64 containers must run on x86_64 hosts ARM containers must run on ARM hosts Microsoft Windows containers must run on Microsoft Windows hosts. As of 2011[update] the majority of desktop and laptop computers used microprocessors compatible with the 32- and 64-bit x86 instruction sets. Since the recent wave of containers are governed by open standards, essentially any container host can push or pull images to and from any container registry. For example, Red Hat supports RHEL 6, UBI 7, and UBI 8 container images on both RHEL 7 and RHEL 8 Container Hosts (note that RHEL CoreOS is built from RHEL 8 bits). Thomas B. London and John F. Reiser (1978). There are two types of cross-platform software: Cross-platform applications can run e.g. However, as long as the operating systems are reasonably similar, the binaries in the container image will usually run. Originally posted at: http://crunchtools.com/deeply-understanding-the-different-between-portability-compatibility-and-supportability/, You are master of this field. Stated another way, scoping support for container images can be very expensive. The SunOS 5.7 product is portable across multiple vendor platforms. Learn how and when to remove this template message, modifies the compilation process to match the system, A Unix operating system for the DEC VAX-11/780 computer, "Bringing Portability to the Software Process", "Software Portability: Weighing Options, Making Choices", "Porting UNIX Software: From Download to Debug", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_portability&oldid=1127113006, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from November 2011, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. This is about investing in testing, security, performance, architecture, a support team, testing that images and binaries are built in a way that they run correctly on a given set of container hosts as well as updating the code should security, performance or bugs crop up. They also want too avoid lock-ins (on certain libraries or dependencies). Required fields are marked *. How to speed up the software development process Software development process - conclusion It makes applications or software run more efficiently and illustrates the system's quality. True/False. Collectively, they affect both the utility and the life-cycle costs of a product or system. To demonstrate supportability, lets run some tests with a container image called Red Hat Universal Base Image 8 (UBI) and a container host based on RHEL 8 Server: This demonstrates a completely supportable image and host combination, which is also compatible, and portable. Since the Open Containers Initiative defines the image and distribution specifications, a Container Image can be created with Podman, pushed to any container registry with Skopeo, shared with the world, and consumed by any OCI compatible container engine including Docker, RKT, CRI-O, containerd and, of course Podman or Skopeo. Reason: Browser Compatibility Requirements are non-functional requirements. Non Functional Requirements - Characteristics of Software. More users mean increased profit. In the simplest case, the file or files may simply be copied from one machine to the other. Give differences between a CD-R and CD-RW. Key steps in software development process 1. Operating Systems Compatibility Requirements are functional requirements? The docker daemon provides no compatibility guarantees any incidental compatibility is provided by the Linux kernel and Glibc. Research statistics indicates high rate of system project failures. People from DXKB community will be more than happy. With Podman running a UBI 8 Container Image on a RHEL 8 Container Host, we have: If you would like to understand Portability, Compatibility, and Supportability, check out this lab: https://learn.openshift.com/subsystems/container-internals-lab-2-0-part-1. The aim of this note is to provide an explanation of the four terms as used by the Testing Standards Working Party. © 2023 Tutorke Limited. Software installed on portable mass storage devices such as USB sticks can be used on any compatible computer on simply plugging the storage device in, and stores all configuration information on the removable device. A nonfunctional requirement is an attribute that dictates how a system operates. The above graphic shows all of the moving parts in a typical Kubernetes environment. Porting is no more than transferring specified directories and their contents. This is a compatibility problem, even though the image is portable and can be copied to a Linux container host. Ukraine Dont mix and match distributions and version its crazy talk. // Performance varies by use, configuration and other factors. Feel free to contribute. As to whether there is a certain intersection between portability and compatibility between various platforms, the following discussion is carried out. And, we have two types of version compatibility testing, which are as follows: Forward Compatibility Testing: Test the software or application on the new or latest versions. Portability - degree of effectiveness and efficiency with which a system, product or component can be transferred from one hardware, software or other operational or usage environment to another Notice that Skopeo can download a Windows Nano Container Image, uncompress it, and store it in .local/share/containers/storage/ (rooteless in this case) even though this is on a Fedora Container Host: The image is now available in the local storage: The image is cached locally, but you wont be able to run it on Linux. Who fixes the kernel, container engine, or container image bugs and tests for regressions? And other updates in Red Hat Runtimes, Infusing your UX writing with brand personality. But comparison tables are equally well-suited to services, membership levels, pricing packages, software features, tuition rates, or locations. Freda Rose, Container Portability: Part 3 - Crunch Tools, When it comes to code, be a consumer - Keyrox, When it comes to code, be a consumer | Smart Solution 4.0, When it comes to code, be a consumer - MusicCosmoS, How to Buy a Used Linux Container - Crunch Tools, BrightTalk 2022: Virtual US: Upgrading to RHEL 9 (and Beyond) with Containers, Upgrading from PHP 7.2 to PHP 7.4 with Red Hat Universal Base Image, Deeply Understanding the Different Between Portability, Compatibility, and Supportability. c)Production of calendars and brochures: What happens if your container does more than just file open(), say it needs access to dedicated hardware? [emailprotected]. As mentioned before, this is to be expected because container images are platform neutral (theyre just tar files) and governed by open standards, so Linux can uncompress it and mount it: The ContainerUser is a Windows user which Podman doesn't find in a passwd file in the image. // Intel is committed to respecting human rights and avoiding complicity in human rights abuses. Charlie intends to validate an information system by tracing the system code: Computing technology continues to advance rapidly, but the need to remain competitive requires vendors to minimize their costs and to maximize their investments. a)Merge With numerous kinds of processors with various design philosophies available at our disposal for . High-quality requirements and wireframes help to predict the result and develop the project that meets your expectations. Requirements that software must be compatible with other software. For instance checking your Microsoft Word to be compatible with Windows 7, Windows 7 SP1, Windows 7 SP2, Windows 7 SP3. Differentiate between structured and unstructured interviews 3. On top of this, magnify this problem over time, as all of these components age (not so gracefully). Which of the following is a non functional requirement? What happens if the container image is vastly older than the container host, say 1, 3, 5, or even 10 years? This also allows you to share infrastructure like Registry Servers. Software Compatibility Requirements are Non-functional requirements? This is what vendors can support. ii)Explain two risks associated with the maintenance identified above, Outline two goals of usability in system design, Explain two factors that should be considered when formulating a risk plan in a project, Barbra was hired to develop and thoroughly test an information system for a client that did not have an existing information system. Checking your software is compatible with mobile platforms like Android, iOS, etc. Compatibility - the container images and hosts are designed and engineered to work together (See: Engineering compatibility with the Red Hat Universal Base Image). Even if we added an /etc/passwd file, the binaries would fail to run because they are Windows binaries, not Linux ELF binaries. Try running a RHEL 8 container image on a RHEL 4 container host that isnt going to work. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); //mcr.microsoft.com/windows/nanoserver:1903 containers-storage:mcr.microsoft.com/windows/nanoserver:1903, "sha256:14b9bc111f8cd94dc0c807d4c4735d973d4d0c2138c61ae416c8f032c07dee89", "sha256:e145b606dfc22d200d5cb05f3ac1d69fdd0dd13b1e2d906c7ebaf154e6a694ed", Architecting Containers Part 1: Why Understanding User Space vs. Kernel Space Matters, DevConf.cz 2020: Brno: Understanding Container Engines by Demo, Deeply Understanding the Different Between Portability, Compatibility, and Supportability. However, as long as the operating systems are reasonably similar, the binaries in the container image will usually run. With Podman running a UBI 8 Container Image on a RHEL 8 Container Host, we have: If you would like to understand Portability, Compatibility, and Supportability, check out this lab: https://learn.openshift.com/subsystems/container-internals-lab-2-0-part-1. ARM binaries in a container image will not run on POWER container hosts - Windows Nano binaries in a container image will not run on a RHEL 8 container host. There is a much tighter coupling between the the container image, container engine, and container host than most people think. to ISO/IEC spec]. (ii) Explain two problems that she could experience while using the fact-finding method identified in (i). I think Dan Woods is right, there is a coming reliability crisis. 2. Notice that Skopeo can pull the Windows Nano container image, uncompress it, and store it locally even though this is on a RHEL 8 container host: The image is now stored in .local/share/containers/storage/ because its running rooteless in this case. For Dev teams, Portable software can be easily used on other platforms. The way the word may be used with hardware, cannot not be the same way it may be used with software. USB ports are becoming quite common with modern devices. State two factors to be considered when buying a RAM module. Reinstalling a program from distribution files on another computer of basically the same architecture. When software with the same functionality is produced for several computing platforms, portability is the key issue for development cost reduction. Then, it can divide itself into several independent "virtual machines." 5G core adoption the open way with Red Hat OpenShift, Whats new with Quarkus? For example we got this error trying to install a music interface device driver for home recording. With Windows, you can span program windows across the multiple screens, whereas in macOS, each program window can only live on a single display. (i)Identify the training method that he would be using Try running a RHEL 8 container image on a RHEL 4 container host -- that isn't going to work very well. For example, Red Hat supports RHEL 6, UBI 7, and UBI 8 container images on both RHEL 7 and RHEL 8 container hosts (note that RHEL CoreOS in OpenShift is built from RHEL 8 bits). "Digest": "sha256:65d0f8a710e5add87e539b6eb25c724d73fba7c090735133246ff7c5ae1100a5", "sha256:c40da4de5e84fba9e2c0f302d2d30570160680b4a2d4ae5a558796337e2dfca2", mcr.microsoft.com/windows/nanoserver 1903 8b8ec38e0f40 7 days ago 263 MB, This is what determines if the binaries in the container image can actually run on the container host. Outline four factors that he should consider in the selection, other than cost. This means you can share infrastructure like registry servers between cloud providers or on premise. Differentiate between legal and operational feasibility studies, Mobile developers employ prototyping to solve user problems. It is developed and engineered. Outline two responsibilities of a system analyst in an organization 2. This addresses the content inside the container image. (ii) Explain two benefits of using the training method identified in (i), Outline two requirements for the software as a service (SaaS ) in an organization, Explain two types of time estimates that used to in a project network diagram, Rose intends to collect data about an organization without the knowledge of the workers This is what vendors can support. Risk Management in Software Project Management Advantages Disadva, Software Engineer Job Requirements and Salaries, Software Engineering Research Topics for MS PhD, Measuring The Size of the Software Size Oriented Metrics in Software Engineering. Reliability, maintainability, and availability (RAM) are three system attributes that are of great interest to systems engineers, logisticians, and users. State the role of the following utility software in a computer system. "Name": "mcr.microsoft.com/windows/nanoserver". Software is a set of instructions that tells a computer exactly what to do. This compatibility problem extends to processor architecture, and also versions of the operating system. Planning 2. Portability is a characteristic attributed to a computer program if it can be used in an operating systems other than the one in which it was created without requiring major rework. It would seem, that even Docker agrees, as they developed the Moby project and LinuxKit to be able to tightly couple these three things (host, engine, image) in what amounts to essentially a Unikernel like structure. In fact, registry servers based on the OCI distribution specification are so popular that theres a proposal to extend them to include almost any artifact: docker://mcr.microsoft.com/windows/nanoserver:1903 \, containers-storage:mcr.microsoft.com/windows/nanoserver:1903, skopeo inspect containers-storage:mcr.microsoft.com/windows/nanoserver:1903. As workloads expand beyond simple web servers which really only need to use system calls to open files and open TCP sockets, we will see more and more problems. Name any three hardware details that should be considered before installing any software. Also, high quality support is based on a well defined and scoped set of components that are designed and engineered to work together. : utime() fails under Windows with EACCES, when it is called for a directory). The ContainerUser is a Windows user which Podman doesnt find in a passwd file in the image. What degree of portability is desired for the various environments? Why is it necessary to consider user needs when purchasing new software? Software conforming to an application binary interface (ABI) runs as shrink-wrapped software on all vendor systems with the same microprocessor architecture. Interoperability is defined as the capability of two or more functional units to process data cooperatively [Ref. Would you run binaries from different Linux distributions in production? Which of the following is a functional requirement? You also need Compatibility and Supportability. This means you can share infrastructure like registry servers between cloud providers or on-premise. True/False, Versions Compatibility Requirements are functional requirements? IDG Contributor Network: What does container portability really mean? Portability is "the ability of software or data to be transferred from one machine or system to another" [5] . Explain three typical features of these system that make them inevitable in organization, Explain the importance of pseudocode in system design, Outline three causes of project schedule slippage, Outline three limitation of using waterfall model in system management, With the aid of diagram, describe three types of relationships used in entity relationship diagram (ERD) Differentiate between portability and compatibility qualities as used in system design Viewed: 310 times Share in: Question Answer: Questions List: 1. testing. Software which is not portable in this sense will have to be transferred with modifications to support the environment on the destination machine. configuration testing means testing team verifies build. Intel C++ Compiler Classic Developer Guide and Reference. Requirements that software must be compatible with different hardware configurations. Were the worlds leading provider of enterprise open source solutionsincluding Linux, cloud, container, and Kubernetes. Vertical portability refers to consistency of software throught whole lifecycle, which can be ensured with Infrastructure as code. Functional Requirements in Software Engineering are also called Functional Specification. The aim of this Guide is to provide a clear definition of interoperability and of portability and how these relate to various aspects of cloud computing and to cloud services. If you're truly gung-ho on interface . Nonfunctional requirements differ from functional requirements in the following ways: Mandatory vs. non-mandatory: In contrast to functional requirements, nonfunctional . The examiner could want to establish whether you can differentiate between hardware and software portability; Another major development in this question is the word portability. Portability - you can move the image where you want. List three precautions to take when handling a diskette. In these cases there is usually no need for detailed adaptation of the software for the system; it is distributed in a way which modifies the compilation process to match the system. Supportability is based on a vendor's ability to release, patch, version, and test a set of components together. Users purchase systems from many vendors to implement the solutions they need. Red Hat cannot guarantee that every permutation of Linux container image and host combination on the planet will run on RHEL container hosts. Their goals, approaches, and guidelines overlap significantly. It would expand the testing and analysis matrix at a non-linear growth rate. ii) Outline four advantages of the changeover strategy identified. Describe three types of prototypes used in this industry, Explain the term bespoke system as applied in system acquisition, Marek company limited installed modern computer in all its offices but the existing information system could not be installed in the new computer. The authors of UNIX/32V (1979) reported that "[t]he (Bourne) shell [] required by far the largest conversion effort of any supposedly portable program, for the simple reason that it is not portable."[1]. View Notes - CRITERIA FOR SELECTING A COMPUTER SYSTEM from EECS 6.00 at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Differentiate between portability with reference to hardware and software. The ContainerUser is a Windows user which Podman doesnt find in a passwd file in the image. First, notice that Podman is able to mount the container image. Dnipropetrovsk, thank you. Supportability - Red Hat can fix problems in the Container Image, Container Host, Container Engine, and the Linux kernel to make sure that these components work together over a defined life cycle. Assume you are hired as system analyst, Development Reference Guides. As new technology is introduced, there is a need for the existing software investment to be preserved. Compatibility is based on hardware architecture (x86 versus ARM), operating system (Linux versus Windows), Linux distribution (RHEL versus other distro), and even age of the Linux distro in the container image - for example, very old images may not work on newer hosts, while very new images may not work on older hosts. Lets dig into these three concepts a bit deeper: Since the OCI standard governs the images specification, a container image can be created with Podman, pushed to almost any container registry, shared with the world, and consumed by almost any container engine including Docker, RKT, CRI-O, containerd and, of course, other Podman instances. Building executable programs for different platforms from source code; this is usually called porting. Reinstalling a program from distribution files on another computer of basically the same architecture. Horizontal stands for platform/dependency flexibility. It would expand the testing and analysis matrix at a non-linear growth rate. Focus areas include cloud, containers, workload expansion, and automation. Hardware Compatibility Requirements are functional requirements? and portability are significant considerations in relation to the use of cloud services, but there is also confusion and misunderstanding of exactly what this entails. // No product or component can be absolutely secure. For personal projects, the selection of a programming language may be as simple as picking a personal favorite. Mobile Compatibility Requirements are Non-functional requirements? Use of compatible software ensures that various kinds of files such as word processing documents, spreadsheets, data files and email can be shared between staff in various locations without any concerns about data conversion or inability to read others' files. This is a compatibility problem, even though the image is portable. d)Video graphic adaptor: Give two differences between a DVD and VCD. However, as long as the operating systems are reasonably similar, the binaries in the container image will usually run. Distinguish between a centronic and an RS-232 port. This enables application developers to reduce software development costs and bring products to market quickly, and enables users to upgrade hardware while retaining their software applications and minimizing conversion costs. Versions Compatibility Requirements Differentiate is the major keyword in this question. Compatibility - the container images and hosts are designed and engineered to work together (See: Engineering compatibility with the Red Hat Universal Base Image). Software portability is a key concern when configuration settings affect software correctness and target operational environments are highly configurable. You don't want to have different behaviours on some platforms, you don't want to waste time adressing enviroment related configs.
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