basic logic gates lab report discussion

To do this we used a TTL logic system provided in the lab with a +5V signal consisting of NAND and NOT gates. measured. Construct the truth table for each gate. The basic logic gates are classified into seven types: AND gate, OR gate, XOR gate, NAND gate, NOR gate, XNOR gate, and NOT gate. +y_q~Eo9cW~k2wX}+.<9-heu+[8X^t B, i]|N1J.`sL=c 0ho" PrEyA~Y6/}[l"|9(:E9Q+ <>/Font<>>>/BBox[ 0 0 108.69 17.73] /Matrix[ 0.66246 0 0 4.061 0 0] /Filter/FlateDecode/Length 239>> endobj basically this is physics lab report on basic logic gate, 75% found this document useful, Mark this document as useful, 25% found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful, Save Lab Report On Basics Logic Gate For Later. Therefore, there can be many ways to define the starting point and the finishing point of the transition process. <> and found the output voltage 4 times. endobj The following types of logic gates are commonly used: AND. For each gate: 1. h$#.Z{{zCNOnNOH2IId@cH@s;i~%4> To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Resistor colour coding | lab work. 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CMOS logic consumes far less power than MOS or bipolar logic. What are the Boolean expressions for the NOT, OR and AND gates? #+0.)23,!/-12'*(!#=(!-.+!)4021!(?082328-)2'. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 6. 27 0 obj Objective : To verify the truth table of AND gate, OR gate, NOR gate, NAND gate & NOT gate using NAND & NOR gate. The TA will explain how to use the ADALM1000, solder-less breadboard, and CMOS logic chips. Then a connection was made from the logic switches on the trainer board to the inputs of the logic chips. endobj Conclusion: In this lab, I explored the function of the basic logic gates. Activity: Basic Logic Gates, For ADALM1000 Objective: The main objective of this activity is to familiarize you with the lab equipment and learn about the operation of the fundamental combinational logic elements, AND, OR, NAND, and NOR gates. stream <> Logic gates are used to carry out logical operations on single or multiple binary inputs and give one binary output. Also show their logic symbol, use the function in an equation and show the Truth Table for one gate in each of the integrated circuits. 10 0 obj ECL is used only in systems requiring high-speed operation. Use two sections of the DIP switch to set the inputs to 0 or 1 and fill in the Truth Table with the output logic levels. It verifies the truth tables of each logic gate and observes their input/output waveforms on the oscilloscope. What do you observe? Logic gates are the basic building block of digital circuits. endobj Each logic family is characterized by several circuit parameters. Truth Table of a NOT Gate is given in this form: Do not sell or share my personal information. Now apply a square wave to the input of the inverter. <> Did you find mistakes in interface or texts? Procedure 2: Use four of the switches in the Digital Output section of the . <>/Font<>>>/BBox[ 0 0 67.547 16.717] /Matrix[ 1.0659 0 0 4.3071 0 0] /Filter/FlateDecode/Length 183>> TTL ICs are usually distinguished by numerical designation as the 5400 and 7400 series. Theory: AND, OR, NOT are called basic gates as their logical operation cannot be simplified further. `}Y_$ CySCc|Z1E8A"C]oqFD/$JZK2yU(+VO8/o The results for OR Gate were different than NOT <> The 4069 contains 6 of these inverters on one chip. 2. endobj Fundamental logical functions are performed using basic logic gates. IDL-800 Digital Lab "Breadboard" unit with test equipment and power supply built in IDL-800 User Manual, if necessary (in lab cabinet) Common logic gates: SN 74LS04 hex inverter, SN 74LS00/SN74LS08 quad 2-input NAND and AND gates, SN 74LS02/SN 74LS32 quad 2-input NOR and OR gates, SN 74LS86 XOR gate Wire connection kit 5. endobj But when we connected both switches to the ground the voltage was 0, where we see that NOT Gate gave us a 5V voltage output when it was connected to the ground. Materials: 23 0 obj Each logic gate implements a logic function such as the NOT (also known as the inverter), the AND, the OR and . AND gate The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) only if all its inputs are high. Then we measure the output voltage using a voltage probe and fill Which means when both input is low, output is also low. The Routledge Handbook of Literature and Space maps the key areas of spatiality within literary studies, offering a comprehensive overview but also pointing towards new and exciting directions of study. They are widely used in large scale integrated circuits because of their high component density and relatively low power consumption. To implement an OR gate using NAND gates Note: There is no lab report required for this lab. Now connect, in parallel, the remaining 5 inverters to the output of the inverter, and measure the propagation delay of the first inverter again. i - >$ublIoX&,3jYfDP76iB%l4e/+[. ciJyYH_PVb53](ZmBFAS~B`k:e5[WUx5e,e(L,GC ,]GW= lx(p% Then we measure the output voltage using a voltage probe and fill out the truth table. endobj A truth table is a table showing all possible values at the inputs of a digital circuit and the corresponding value of the output. . Finally, we construct another circuit using 5V DC Power, 7408 (AND gate), 2 SPDT Switches and a ground. Logic gates are an important concept if you are studying electronics. not sufficient to implement complex digital logic functions. This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share it. We also investigated how simple counters can be constructed. Sometimes, the term loading is used instead of fan-out. Firstly, we connect the 1st switch to the ground and the 2nd switch to the power and get 0V output voltage. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Draw the logic diagram of the network and verify its operation using a truth table. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA report form. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the operation of simple logic gates and flip flops. [ 23 0 R] Being able to understand the basic of Logic statements as well as follow given instruction remain the key to complete the lab successfully. fiberglass direct roving; geeni camera file format; 2003 silverado extended cab sub box; best charger for agm motorcycle battery; Test Post January 4, 2022. basic logic gates lab report discussion. Propagation delay is the time delay for a signal transition to propagate from input to output when the binary input signals change in value. \bar{B}\end{array} \), \(\begin{array}{l}Y=\overline{A+B}\end{array} \), \(\begin{array}{l}Y= \bar{(A\bigoplus B)}\end{array} \), One of the primary benefits is that basic logic gates can be used in various combinations if the operations are advanced. The Boolean expression of AND gate is Y = A.B. endobj DC noise is caused by a drift in the voltage levels of a signal. Based on the dynamic characteristics of the system with large time lag and nonlinearity, this article establishes a deeplearningbased dynamic prediction . Part 2. The Boolean expression of the NAND gate is: The truth table of a NAND gate is given as; This gate is the combination of OR and NOT gate. This subtractor circuit executes a subtraction between two bits, which has 3- inputs (A, B, and Bin) and two outputs (D and Bout). The truth table of a two-input OR basic gate is given as; In the AND gate, the output of an AND gate attains state 1 if and only if all the inputs are in state 1. 7 0 obj Lab 2 6 4. Power dissipation is the supplied power required to operate the desired logic function. A universal gate is a logic gate which can implement any Boolean function without the need to use any other type of logic gate. Firstly, we connect both of the switches to the ground and get output voltage of 0V. The interdisciplinary and global approach provides a thorough introduction and includes . The former has a wide operating-temperature range, suitable for military use, and the latter has a narrower temperature range, suitable for industrial use. There are various commercial integrated circuit chips available. People are most familiar with the ones that are named: NAND, NOR, AND, OR, XOR. 3BBasic Logic Gates . 3 0 obj First theorem It states that the NAND gate isequivalentto a bubbled OR gate. 0)"1 ! 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This parameter does not include the power delivered from another gate. 2638 Words11 Pages. 2. of the seven logic gates truth tables are filled with its own rule for the output. Use two sections of the DIP switch to set the inputs to 0 or 1 and fill in the Truth Table with the output logic levels. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Draw a truth table to verify the function. SPDT Switch ;Itix2R[AZV^fcll i1:xva?o\6/#BP O|Hh@ t!4pUV`f3t#.PB?Xb.,)f]S~$%G+[W{e-MtYT2.bf8Pi0JQtgKP#Ib@os4,dT\E[qkHJ__(6 I0(GNjEj?Maf3%Lv>n\yTD `tr&xh g ^a5,Z)0yb\a <> endobj Ans: The output of the OR gate will be high no matter what the other 2 input levels might be. 31 0 obj G63hai"&KRj9it8sl! In simple terms, logic gates are the electronic circuits in a digital system. 8 0 obj 18 0 obj 3D nanoprinting, using focused electron beam-induced deposition, is prone to a common structural artifact arising from a temperature gradient that naturally evolves during deposition, extending from the electron beam impact region (BIR) to the substrate. endobj Do this for all possible combinations of inputs. We use * to represent AND. endstream Different logic families have different noise margins according to their internal structures. Construct the circuit shown below using one gate in the 7408 QUAD AND GATE (Note that VCC and GND connections are not shown). Gate. endobj 7408 (AND gate) 1 that each gate has one or two binary inputs, X1 and X2, and one binary output, Z. 6 shows a CMOS transmission gate circuit. !'. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 28 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> <> When one switch was connected to the power, we got a 5V output voltage. Feel free to send suggestions. You can see from Fig. Figure 4. cbo#\bf{8ve'sLl]1zx*wqwFDa0eN/o,&K_ 'YXw7EBP]$-ChEc tDPrj|^b#^klQ>{#Csv)Qw#"1/` ~LQTn :(oAH1zTp(~xu,S{I% If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA report form. Some logic gates like NOT gate or Inverter has only one input and one output. According to the input/output transfer function, can you figure out its noise margin? Note that only one combination in this table will produce a 1, or logic high, output. endobj 8j*uFskX5hTBue:%dpN?6=I4^lKABKK /qq}f=Sry/ldeOFc(o@EPn8^ZV~i.&X56mHDv6 8` gl[rf_=5 W1I7BicDlDA%5kH AQ0#6+mDEuFOTgmae.ji7 bNl1Pi9>w3QLp7CM[R5y]m'#O/RTP)rd2{tZ9SB8bH]iGrScZ4~$AOe@zD @ 'A=`@d?-j>7 endobj 0T\N-U9xgsb&. First each of the logic gates were connected to the power and the ground one at a time. Download. A gate can be extended to have multiple inputs if the binary operation it represents is commutative and associative. When drawing a truth table, the binary values 0 and 1 are used. Therefore, we can say in conclusion that each of the three logic gates had different output determine logic levels. Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere. It is made up of a p-type MOS transistor and a n-type MOS transistor. In an OR gate, the output of an OR gate attains state 1 if one or more inputs attain state 1. OR, AND and NOT are basic gates. The basic logic gates are the basic building blocks of more complex logic circuits. Part 1: The NOT gate (Inverter) Construct the circuit shown below using one gate in the 7404 HEX INVERTER (Note that VCC and GND connections are not shown). They perform basic logical functions that are fundamental to digital circuits. endobj N _rels/.rels ( j0@QN/c[ILj]aGzsFu]U ^[x 1xpf#I)Y*Di")c$qU~31jH[{=E~ I);,oDH%x#>lF"(= `&'uj91&lkN[9F%uBy$n]B*iYUP6;aoM[\GTVmvbLm>CECL}#Xdx-)e}>bi/;p@DiUd2[#}^~]+qWx9rpxxx+8!rYZ/7U`1|sCZ!UBZ%$ Fig. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Logic equation: Y A.B Truth Table: A B And then we are going to Here the inputs indicate minuend, subtrahend, & previous borrow, whereas the two outputs are denoted as borrow o/p and difference. It was however, noticed that there is a In part one, we used a NOT Gate and found the output voltage in two ways. 3 shows a CMOS inverter circuit. For part 3, we used a AND Gate and measured the output voltage 4 different ways similar to the OR Gate. they have finite rise and fall times (see Fig. Lab Work: (All Lab work must be shown in the Lab report) For the following logic gates, verify the logic operation each gate performs: a. endstream (;6L2N5jWdUJj|RB35r4[R/uIUWC|W9 @J'Ny, Second theorem It states that the NOR gate isequivalentto a bubbled AND gate. 12 0 obj thus, the circuit behave like a gate which either allows a signal to pass through it or blocks. x [Content_Types].xml ( j0EJ(eh4vc;1%814 { 3Fd>Hkr2$-}$Il!f4: M"FDi,dJafV(&i[n!q$sWEDJ_NnI]xP@Su2`t7G',wp$>LLc][/|QE!9y!|Y4{fQyy"py?bD5 vk^y/H36Wpy";So]1~oTv#| PK ! <> E-Book Overview. Which means when both inputs are high, output is also high. 1)The NAND gate:From AND and NOT gate. endobj (2)The NOR gate:From OR and NOT gate. d-XNOR, electronics-tutorials/boolean/bool_7.html. 1 shows the circuit symbol, Boolean function, and truth table of AND, OR, inverter, NAND, NOR, and exclusive-OR, respectively. and the 2nd switch to the ground and get 0V output voltage. We can compare how three logic gates were different in terms of their truth tables and output voltages. endobj That is exactly how gates are made. This table is called a truth table. below shows the circuit symbol, Boolean function, and truth. Flip Flop Lab Report. 26 0 obj Connect one of the inverters as shown in Fig. All the logic gates have two inputs except the NOT gate, which has only one input. For part 3, Table 1 includes these, as well as AND and OR gates with either input negated, logic 0 and logic 1 (which aren't really logic gates), and some gates that aren . rules for their truth table. 4 0 obj 2-input OR gate c. 2-input NAND gate d. 2-input NOR gate e. 2-input XOR gate f. 2-input XNOR gate g. Inverter gate 1. Part 2. As we have seen throught this Digital Logic tutorial section, the three most basic logic gates are the: AND, OR and NOT gates, and given this set of logic gates it is possible to implement all of the possible Boolean switching functions, thus making them a "full set" of Universal Logic Gates. You know how silicon (which is made from sand), is the basic building block for Integrated circuits? xUNI !st+NOVPkPOXI+ -kx% xTXnmhf:+UGe_e* Verify the operation of the basic logic gates. Furthermore, in order to see how these different logic gates work, they will be used in separate circuits and have their own truth tables, so that it is easier to tell how they differ from each other, and how they would work. For part two, we used a OR Gate and found the output voltage 4 times. A logic gate is a small transistor circuit, basically a type of amplifier, which is implemented in different forms within an integrated circuit. Gates-----At the most basic level, gates are simply electronically controlled switches. The lab consists of 4 problems that will be completed on tinkercad.com. 21 0 obj Finally, we connect both of - To study the realization of basic gates using universal gates. Ans: We can connect the 3rd gate to power (Vcc). xm Therefore, we can say in conclusion that each of the three logic gates had different output voltage outcomes depending on if the switch was connected to the power or the ground. 9d/ 6{\FwyyA?,38.m1"Us5P.^bsiP\^7pk9L@tLJ8m1..+h?I:~[e+ D*T3[@q-y^/(3CO2 Apr 2016 - Oct 20167 months. Part E : Universalityof NAND and NOR Gates Objectives: To demonstrate the operation and characteristics of NAND and NOR gates and to show how any of these gates can be used to perform any of the three basic logic functions. There are seven basic logic gates, for example: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XNOR. Select the correct answer and click on the Finish buttonCheck your score and answers at the end of the quiz, Visit BYJUS for all Jee related queries and study materials, Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. Finally, we connect both of the switches to the power and get a output voltage of 5V. the switch to the power and got a output voltage of 0V. 9:^nlIi4 F7 Rs[\VnWduZ6cfEUPUOow-S Zh!@`Xwu,?pfg4|1-%QOU{4BU,sA]E"->,S1L gr+ J$MI#dQUl7+3f6AYKkUU^2O)Tt}"eRib.&Tij#v'cw$|YUD>^|`?s,$%{rq_!%(8?8-lyvu/BM]|MXA Fd The basic logic gates are the building blocks of more complex logic circuits. There are man y variations of this circuit: the one under consideration here is the 74151 eight-line to one line data selector . The logic gate, which gives a high output (i.e., 1) if either input A or input B but not both are high (i.e. Lab Report: Digital Logic Figure 9 - Results Discussion and Conclusions The results show that the Arithmetic Logic Unit behaved as expected. Analysis of Basic Logic Gates Procedure: Setup the circuits shown on page 4 to analyze the operation of the various basic logic gates. A Complete Carding Tutorial FOR Beginners, Assessment 1 Sithccc 008 Prepare vegetable, fruit, eggs and farinaceous dishes Complete, Chcmhs 001 question 4.1 legal and ethical considerations, Week 2 - Attitudes, stereotyping and predjucie, 14449906 Andrew Assessment 2B Written reflection, Lab report for experiment, typed, including introduction, methods, results and conclusion, Summary Control of Government Action: Text Cases and Commentary lecture 1-13 + tutorial work, Summary - Lecture notes - flash style cards, Tutorial Work Fundamentals Of Biostatistics - Tutorial work, Questions and answers, Assignment 1 - 6. Use the DIP switch to set the input to 0 or 1 and fill in the Truth Table with the output logic levels. the switches to the power and get a output voltage of 5V. Logic gates, on the other hand, govern the flow of information based on a set of rules. Thirdly, we connect both switches to the power and get 5V output voltage. AND gate truth table. Each gate performs a specific logic function behind which there is an equivalent transistor based electronic circuit. The truth table consists of three columns-two inputs and one output. xm1@@CF;4&]Do:Hp^hx"HNX$7 gQ Logic gates Digital systems are said to be constructed by using logic gates. It emphasizes the synthesis of circuits and explains how circuits are implemented in real chips. 20 0 obj Students should become familiar with these characteristics. Each type of gate has one or more (most often two) inputs and one output. EGC221: Digital Logic Lab - Lab Report Experiment # 2 Division of Engineering Programs Page 4 of 12 (a) Verify the . Thirdly, we connect the 1st switch to the power and the 2nd switch to the ground and get 0V output voltage. endobj TTL has a well-established popularity among logic families. (3)The XOR gate:From NOT, AND and OR gate. Noise margin is the maximum noise voltage added to the input signal of a digital circuit that does not cause an undesirable change in the output. Categories . Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. NAND and NOR are called universal gates as using only NAND or only And we built circuits using multisim to prove if the output was false or true and based on the voltage output we found. Exceeding the specified maximum fan-out (or load) may cause a malfunction because the circuit cannot supply the power demanded from it. NOT Gate gave us a 5V voltage output when it was connected to the ground. If one input to a 3 input AND gate were accidentally connected to Ground(shorted to Ground), how would the output of the AND gate react no matterwhat the other 2 input levels might be. Now change the control signal to a 50Hz bipolar input (+5V, -5V). Use the Logic Probe to determine logic levels. When 9 0 obj To verify logic truth tables from the voltages measured. 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